zerodep Benchmark — v2026.6.21

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency	Ref tail latency	Ratio
Deserialize (Large)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	717.5 µs	589.1 µs	1.4K	1.7K	698.2 µs	1.37 ms	28.9 µs	734.3 µs	569.7 µs	1.05 ms	18.6 µs	609.4 µs	1.2x slower
Deserialize (Medium)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	41.6 µs	37.3 µs	24.0K	26.8K	40.4 µs	105.1 µs	2.8 µs	43.7 µs	35.8 µs	106.8 µs	4.2 µs	39.6 µs	1.1x slower
Deserialize (Small)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	2.0 µs	1.2 µs	510.2K	850.8K	1.9 µs	35.5 µs	515.7 ns	2.0 µs	1.1 µs	44.4 µs	399.0 ns	1.2 µs	1.7x slower
Json Round Trip (Large)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	19.85 ms	3.09 ms	50.4	323.5	3.04 ms	4.091 s	261.71 ms	3.17 ms	3.04 ms	3.42 ms	40.5 µs	3.17 ms	6.4x slower
Json Round Trip (Medium)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	177.2 µs	174.7 µs	5.6K	5.7K	169.0 µs	283.4 µs	9.2 µs	191.8 µs	167.2 µs	388.3 µs	9.9 µs	189.1 µs	~equal
Json Round Trip (Small)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	11.6 µs	12.5 µs	86.3K	80.0K	11.1 µs	59.1 µs	1.8 µs	11.7 µs	11.8 µs	55.2 µs	2.0 µs	12.8 µs	1.1x faster
Serialize (Large)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	1.63 ms	1.94 ms	614.7	515.9	1.60 ms	2.00 ms	35.7 µs	1.65 ms	1.89 ms	4.04 ms	119.5 µs	1.97 ms	1.2x faster
Serialize (Medium)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	87.7 µs	103.3 µs	11.4K	9.7K	85.3 µs	206.0 µs	4.7 µs	96.4 µs	100.0 µs	200.7 µs	5.3 µs	113.4 µs	1.2x faster
Serialize (Small)	zerodep	a2a-protocol	4.2 µs	5.1 µs	240.2K	195.2K	4.0 µs	24.5 µs	683.3 ns	4.2 µs	4.7 µs	3.80 ms	27.0 µs	4.9 µs	1.2x faster

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency	Ref tail latency	Ratio
Deserialize (Large)	zerodep	acp (ref)	158.0 µs	76.7 µs	6.3K	13.0K	150.7 µs	271.3 µs	6.6 µs	166.3 µs	73.9 µs	162.5 µs	5.5 µs	86.7 µs	2.1x slower
Deserialize (Medium)	zerodep	acp (ref)	6.0 µs	59.3 µs	166.2K	16.9K	5.8 µs	63.1 µs	926.2 ns	6.0 µs	56.9 µs	156.8 µs	5.1 µs	72.0 µs	9.9x faster
Deserialize (Small)	zerodep	acp (ref)	1.8 µs	1.7 µs	565.3K	583.3K	1.7 µs	30.0 µs	456.7 ns	1.8 µs	1.6 µs	28.4 µs	507.6 ns	1.7 µs	~equal
Json Round Trip (Large)	zerodep	acp (ref)	948.6 µs	393.7 µs	1.1K	2.5K	922.0 µs	1.12 ms	17.8 µs	974.0 µs	379.4 µs	745.2 µs	15.5 µs	412.5 µs	2.4x slower
Json Round Trip (Medium)	zerodep	acp (ref)	89.4 µs	86.3 µs	11.2K	11.6K	85.7 µs	198.8 µs	6.6 µs	104.1 µs	82.4 µs	166.7 µs	7.0 µs	101.5 µs	~equal
Json Round Trip (Small)	zerodep	acp (ref)	10.2 µs	7.2 µs	97.9K	139.3K	9.7 µs	65.6 µs	1.7 µs	10.3 µs	6.7 µs	73.5 µs	1.5 µs	7.2 µs	1.4x slower
Serialize (Large)	zerodep	acp (ref)	528.5 µs	73.5 µs	1.9K	13.6K	507.7 µs	1.16 ms	44.9 µs	544.3 µs	71.1 µs	167.7 µs	5.1 µs	83.6 µs	7.2x slower
Serialize (Medium)	zerodep	acp (ref)	62.9 µs	12.6 µs	15.9K	79.4K	61.1 µs	149.5 µs	4.4 µs	72.4 µs	12.1 µs	43.4 µs	1.4 µs	12.6 µs	5.0x slower
Serialize (Small)	zerodep	acp (ref)	4.0 µs	1.3 µs	247.9K	769.3K	3.9 µs	39.1 µs	805.4 ns	4.0 µs	1.2 µs	29.1 µs	428.6 ns	1.3 µs	3.1x slower

aes↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Cbc Decrypt (Large)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	350.64 ms	135.2 µs	2.9	7.4K	348.90 ms	352.87 ms	1.78 ms	352.87 ms	131.3 µs	233.4 µs	6.1 µs	147.2 µs	2593.2x slower
Cbc Decrypt (Large)	openssl	PyCryptodome	24.5 µs	135.2 µs	40.8K	7.4K	21.4 µs	60.9 µs	2.7 µs	26.9 µs	131.3 µs	233.4 µs	6.1 µs	147.2 µs	5.5x faster
Cbc Decrypt (Medium)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	5.67 ms	13.5 µs	176.5	74.3K	5.53 ms	8.37 ms	236.8 µs	5.74 ms	12.8 µs	47.7 µs	1.8 µs	13.9 µs	421.1x slower
Cbc Decrypt (Medium)	openssl	PyCryptodome	7.7 µs	13.5 µs	130.4K	74.3K	7.4 µs	41.6 µs	1.3 µs	7.7 µs	12.8 µs	47.7 µs	1.8 µs	13.9 µs	1.8x faster
Cbc Decrypt (Small)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	106.6 µs	10.9 µs	9.4K	92.0K	101.8 µs	176.5 µs	4.9 µs	116.2 µs	10.4 µs	46.6 µs	1.6 µs	11.1 µs	9.8x slower
Cbc Decrypt (Small)	openssl	PyCryptodome	7.1 µs	10.9 µs	141.4K	92.0K	6.8 µs	40.0 µs	1.2 µs	7.1 µs	10.4 µs	46.6 µs	1.6 µs	11.1 µs	1.5x faster
Cbc Encrypt (Large)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	258.16 ms	133.6 µs	3.9	7.5K	256.33 ms	260.34 ms	1.76 ms	260.34 ms	130.1 µs	213.8 µs	5.6 µs	144.7 µs	1932.5x slower
Cbc Encrypt (Large)	openssl	PyCryptodome	69.3 µs	133.6 µs	14.4K	7.5K	67.3 µs	102.3 µs	4.0 µs	81.4 µs	130.1 µs	213.8 µs	5.6 µs	144.7 µs	1.9x faster
Cbc Encrypt (Medium)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	4.16 ms	12.5 µs	240.5	80.1K	4.06 ms	5.12 ms	117.5 µs	4.23 ms	11.9 µs	108.4 µs	1.9 µs	12.8 µs	333.3x slower
Cbc Encrypt (Medium)	openssl	PyCryptodome	8.5 µs	12.5 µs	117.7K	80.1K	8.1 µs	48.7 µs	1.6 µs	8.5 µs	11.9 µs	108.4 µs	1.9 µs	12.8 µs	1.5x faster
Cbc Encrypt (Small)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	82.7 µs	10.1 µs	12.1K	99.2K	79.8 µs	125.8 µs	3.7 µs	92.2 µs	9.7 µs	46.7 µs	1.6 µs	10.2 µs	8.2x slower
Cbc Encrypt (Small)	openssl	PyCryptodome	7.0 µs	10.1 µs	142.7K	99.2K	6.7 µs	39.0 µs	1.3 µs	7.0 µs	9.7 µs	46.7 µs	1.6 µs	10.2 µs	1.4x faster
Ctr Encrypt (Large)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	258.20 ms	96.5 µs	3.9	10.4K	254.17 ms	261.36 ms	2.84 ms	261.36 ms	90.1 µs	191.6 µs	7.3 µs	108.3 µs	2676.5x slower
Ctr Encrypt (Large)	openssl	PyCryptodome	21.2 µs	96.5 µs	47.3K	10.4K	20.0 µs	67.5 µs	2.5 µs	22.7 µs	90.1 µs	191.6 µs	7.3 µs	108.3 µs	4.6x faster
Ctr Encrypt (Medium)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	4.11 ms	13.9 µs	243.1	72.2K	4.04 ms	4.33 ms	36.6 µs	4.18 ms	13.1 µs	46.2 µs	2.0 µs	14.4 µs	297.0x slower
Ctr Encrypt (Medium)	openssl	PyCryptodome	8.4 µs	13.9 µs	119.7K	72.2K	8.0 µs	65.4 µs	1.5 µs	8.4 µs	13.1 µs	46.2 µs	2.0 µs	14.4 µs	1.7x faster
Ctr Encrypt (Small)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	82.9 µs	12.4 µs	12.1K	80.3K	80.0 µs	142.1 µs	3.9 µs	92.8 µs	11.7 µs	109.1 µs	2.4 µs	13.0 µs	6.7x slower
Ctr Encrypt (Small)	openssl	PyCryptodome	7.8 µs	12.4 µs	129.0K	80.3K	7.4 µs	62.1 µs	1.4 µs	7.7 µs	11.7 µs	109.1 µs	2.4 µs	13.0 µs	1.6x faster
Ecb Decrypt (Large)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	341.02 ms	22.3 µs	2.9	44.8K	339.18 ms	343.87 ms	1.75 ms	343.87 ms	21.0 µs	66.8 µs	2.8 µs	25.0 µs	15282.4x slower
Ecb Decrypt (Large)	openssl	PyCryptodome	21.3 µs	22.3 µs	47.1K	44.8K	20.0 µs	92.7 µs	2.8 µs	23.8 µs	21.0 µs	66.8 µs	2.8 µs	25.0 µs	~equal
Ecb Decrypt (Medium)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	5.51 ms	9.9 µs	181.4	100.8K	5.37 ms	8.50 ms	234.4 µs	5.63 ms	9.4 µs	45.1 µs	1.8 µs	10.1 µs	555.6x slower
Ecb Decrypt (Medium)	openssl	PyCryptodome	8.7 µs	9.9 µs	115.3K	100.8K	7.0 µs	82.9 µs	3.9 µs	15.3 µs	9.4 µs	45.1 µs	1.8 µs	10.1 µs	1.1x faster
Ecb Decrypt (Small)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	105.3 µs	9.3 µs	9.5K	107.5K	100.4 µs	180.7 µs	5.6 µs	114.8 µs	8.9 µs	39.0 µs	1.4 µs	9.4 µs	11.3x slower
Ecb Decrypt (Small)	openssl	PyCryptodome	7.1 µs	9.3 µs	141.4K	107.5K	6.6 µs	36.2 µs	1.8 µs	7.3 µs	8.9 µs	39.0 µs	1.4 µs	9.4 µs	1.3x faster
Ecb Encrypt (Large)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	250.88 ms	20.9 µs	4.0	47.8K	249.83 ms	251.60 ms	765.3 µs	251.60 ms	19.8 µs	61.7 µs	2.5 µs	23.2 µs	11993.2x slower
Ecb Encrypt (Large)	openssl	PyCryptodome	20.3 µs	20.9 µs	49.2K	47.8K	19.4 µs	63.7 µs	2.3 µs	21.4 µs	19.8 µs	61.7 µs	2.5 µs	23.2 µs	~equal
Ecb Encrypt (Medium)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	4.01 ms	9.2 µs	249.3	109.0K	3.92 ms	6.00 ms	141.0 µs	4.08 ms	8.8 µs	50.5 µs	1.5 µs	9.3 µs	437.3x slower
Ecb Encrypt (Medium)	openssl	PyCryptodome	7.5 µs	9.2 µs	133.0K	109.0K	7.2 µs	43.4 µs	1.4 µs	7.5 µs	8.8 µs	50.5 µs	1.5 µs	9.3 µs	1.2x faster
Ecb Encrypt (Small)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	80.1 µs	8.6 µs	12.5K	116.0K	77.1 µs	149.0 µs	3.9 µs	89.0 µs	8.2 µs	43.1 µs	1.4 µs	8.7 µs	9.3x slower
Ecb Encrypt (Small)	openssl	PyCryptodome	6.9 µs	8.6 µs	144.3K	116.0K	6.6 µs	28.8 µs	1.3 µs	6.9 µs	8.2 µs	43.1 µs	1.4 µs	8.7 µs	1.2x faster
Gcm Decrypt (Large)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	370.80 ms	171.0 µs	2.7	5.8K	369.87 ms	373.12 ms	1.32 ms	373.12 ms	162.5 µs	321.5 µs	10.3 µs	186.5 µs	2168.8x slower
Gcm Decrypt (Large)	openssl	PyCryptodome	30.6 µs	171.0 µs	32.6K	5.8K	29.1 µs	80.2 µs	3.2 µs	34.4 µs	162.5 µs	321.5 µs	10.3 µs	186.5 µs	5.6x faster
Gcm Decrypt (Medium)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	5.92 ms	74.8 µs	168.8	13.4K	5.87 ms	6.03 ms	29.5 µs	5.98 ms	70.3 µs	163.2 µs	6.4 µs	91.0 µs	79.2x slower
Gcm Decrypt (Medium)	openssl	PyCryptodome	10.2 µs	74.8 µs	97.7K	13.4K	9.8 µs	108.3 µs	1.7 µs	10.3 µs	70.3 µs	163.2 µs	6.4 µs	91.0 µs	7.3x faster
Gcm Decrypt (Small)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	268.1 µs	72.5 µs	3.7K	13.8K	259.7 µs	334.2 µs	7.3 µs	278.6 µs	68.2 µs	137.9 µs	5.8 µs	88.1 µs	3.7x slower
Gcm Decrypt (Small)	openssl	PyCryptodome	9.5 µs	72.5 µs	104.9K	13.8K	9.1 µs	78.7 µs	1.5 µs	9.5 µs	68.2 µs	137.9 µs	5.8 µs	88.1 µs	7.6x faster
Gcm Encrypt (Large)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	369.78 ms	154.6 µs	2.7	6.5K	367.93 ms	371.42 ms	1.25 ms	371.42 ms	147.1 µs	312.9 µs	10.7 µs	169.9 µs	2392.2x slower
Gcm Encrypt (Large)	openssl	PyCryptodome	33.1 µs	154.6 µs	30.2K	6.5K	29.3 µs	303.6 µs	13.2 µs	45.1 µs	147.1 µs	312.9 µs	10.7 µs	169.9 µs	4.7x faster
Gcm Encrypt (Medium)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	5.94 ms	58.3 µs	168.2	17.1K	5.86 ms	6.14 ms	38.3 µs	6.01 ms	55.2 µs	127.5 µs	5.2 µs	72.7 µs	101.9x slower
Gcm Encrypt (Medium)	openssl	PyCryptodome	10.4 µs	58.3 µs	95.8K	17.1K	10.1 µs	41.8 µs	1.4 µs	10.4 µs	55.2 µs	127.5 µs	5.2 µs	72.7 µs	5.6x faster
Gcm Encrypt (Small)	pure_python	PyCryptodome	267.7 µs	56.4 µs	3.7K	17.7K	258.3 µs	356.9 µs	7.8 µs	278.0 µs	52.8 µs	159.0 µs	5.9 µs	70.8 µs	4.7x slower
Gcm Encrypt (Small)	openssl	PyCryptodome	9.5 µs	56.4 µs	104.8K	17.7K	9.2 µs	34.9 µs	1.4 µs	9.5 µs	52.8 µs	159.0 µs	5.9 µs	70.8 µs	5.9x faster

cache↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Decorator Overhead	zerodep_lru	cachetools	238.0 µs	270.9 µs	4.2K	3.7K	231.6 µs	577.2 µs	14.0 µs	245.5 µs	264.0 µs	486.5 µs	9.6 µs	278.4 µs	1.1x faster
Decorator Overhead	zerodep_ttl	cachetools	312.9 µs	307.0 µs	3.2K	3.3K	301.6 µs	554.8 µs	20.3 µs	320.7 µs	297.0 µs	415.3 µs	8.5 µs	316.5 µs	~equal
Eviction Pressure	zerodep_lfu	cachetools	1.92 ms	2.06 ms	520.8	486.4	1.75 ms	2.25 ms	25.7 µs	1.95 ms	2.03 ms	2.33 ms	30.2 µs	2.11 ms	1.1x faster
Eviction Pressure	zerodep_lru	cachetools	1.76 ms	1.92 ms	568.7	521.3	1.73 ms	1.97 ms	19.7 µs	1.78 ms	1.83 ms	4.02 ms	243.7 µs	2.06 ms	1.1x faster
Key Function	zerodep_hashkey	cachetools	660.2 µs	666.5 µs	1.5K	1.5K	643.1 µs	800.1 µs	11.6 µs	668.6 µs	640.8 µs	845.4 µs	12.4 µs	676.8 µs	~equal
Key Function	zerodep_typedkey	cachetools	1.31 ms	1.69 ms	764.4	592.3	1.29 ms	1.49 ms	20.2 µs	1.33 ms	1.65 ms	2.20 ms	38.5 µs	1.71 ms	1.3x faster
LRUGet Set	zerodep	cachetools	1.00 ms	1.10 ms	996.7	906.0	977.9 µs	1.20 ms	16.3 µs	1.03 ms	1.07 ms	1.30 ms	21.1 µs	1.14 ms	1.1x faster
Mixed Workload	zerodep	cachetools	838.3 µs	921.3 µs	1.2K	1.1K	817.5 µs	941.6 µs	12.9 µs	855.6 µs	895.0 µs	1.24 ms	21.8 µs	941.8 µs	1.1x faster
TTLExpiry	zerodep	cachetools	3.51 ms	3.53 ms	284.8	283.5	3.32 ms	4.12 ms	101.2 µs	3.66 ms	3.35 ms	3.95 ms	85.0 µs	3.64 ms	~equal
Threaded Contention	zerodep	cachetools	12.17 ms	13.19 ms	82.1	75.8	11.98 ms	12.53 ms	85.5 µs	12.33 ms	13.00 ms	13.63 ms	99.7 µs	13.33 ms	1.1x faster

cdp↗

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Command Throughput	send_command_burst	6.85 ms	146.0	5.53 ms	7.81 ms	665.8 µs	7.38 ms
Full Render Pipeline	get_rendered_text	1.24 ms	807.7	977.2 µs	1.72 ms	174.9 µs	1.47 ms
Full Render Pipeline	get_rendered_text_fresh_client	1.74 ms	573.8	1.42 ms	2.06 ms	192.5 µs	1.95 ms
Js Eval Throughput	evaluate_burst	1.76 ms	569.5	1.44 ms	2.09 ms	207.7 µs	1.98 ms
Multi Target	multi_target_pipeline	5.96 ms	167.8	4.97 ms	7.43 ms	812.1 µs	7.29 ms
Render Html	get_rendered_html	1.32 ms	756.2	972.8 µs	2.38 ms	157.4 µs	1.50 ms

config↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Cast Bool	zerodep	python-decouple	1.3 µs	2.5 µs	777.3K	405.4K	1.2 µs	27.3 µs	383.0 ns	1.3 µs	2.3 µs	53.0 µs	671.6 ns	2.5 µs	1.9x faster
Cast Int	zerodep	python-decouple	1.2 µs	2.2 µs	817.2K	446.6K	1.1 µs	34.1 µs	448.7 ns	1.2 µs	2.1 µs	56.4 µs	624.7 ns	2.3 µs	1.8x faster
Csv Cast	zerodep	python-decouple	2.8 µs	12.5 µs	362.8K	80.1K	2.6 µs	70.7 µs	757.9 ns	2.8 µs	11.7 µs	77.6 µs	2.2 µs	12.6 µs	4.5x faster
Dotenv Lookup	zerodep	python-decouple	726.3 ns	1.6 µs	1.38M	609.0K	687.7 ns	3.3 µs	69.8 ns	736.9 ns	1.5 µs	37.5 µs	462.4 ns	1.7 µs	2.3x faster
Env Lookup	zerodep	python-decouple	897.9 ns	1.7 µs	1.11M	599.4K	831.0 ns	26.3 µs	309.6 ns	922.0 ns	1.6 µs	20.5 µs	463.7 ns	1.7 µs	1.9x faster

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Config Init	zerodep_env_only	579.5 ns	1.73M	541.0 ns	10.4 µs	165.1 ns	574.6 ns
Config Init	zerodep_with_dotenv	1.16 ms	865.0	1.09 ms	6.15 ms	416.5 µs	1.24 ms
Config Init	zerodep_with_json	52.2 µs	19.2K	48.5 µs	137.3 µs	6.8 µs	68.5 µs
Nested Json Lookup	zerodep	2.4 µs	417.0K	2.0 µs	168.8 µs	3.3 µs	3.2 µs

diff↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Parse (Large)	zerodep	unidiff	97.6 µs	194.7 µs	10.3K	5.1K	94.9 µs	209.3 µs	5.2 µs	107.0 µs	189.4 µs	323.9 µs	8.7 µs	206.9 µs	2.0x faster
Parse (Medium)	zerodep	unidiff	32.4 µs	63.4 µs	30.9K	15.8K	30.7 µs	286.5 µs	7.3 µs	41.0 µs	61.6 µs	143.4 µs	4.3 µs	73.8 µs	2.0x faster
Parse (Small)	zerodep	unidiff	10.5 µs	22.2 µs	95.4K	45.1K	10.1 µs	49.0 µs	1.3 µs	10.5 µs	21.4 µs	89.4 µs	2.4 µs	22.6 µs	2.1x faster

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Apply (Large)	zerodep	60.2 µs	16.6K	58.0 µs	131.2 µs	4.2 µs	70.2 µs
Apply (Medium)	zerodep	7.5 µs	133.1K	7.2 µs	59.6 µs	949.0 ns	7.6 µs
Apply (Small)	zerodep	2.6 µs	390.7K	2.4 µs	37.3 µs	542.5 ns	2.6 µs

dotenv↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Parse (Large)	zerodep	python-dotenv	1.39 ms	1.38 ms	721.3	723.2	1.36 ms	1.50 ms	14.3 µs	1.41 ms	1.36 ms	1.49 ms	16.4 µs	1.41 ms	~equal
Parse (Medium)	zerodep	python-dotenv	193.8 µs	194.6 µs	5.2K	5.1K	187.7 µs	285.3 µs	6.8 µs	204.3 µs	188.1 µs	287.7 µs	7.3 µs	205.9 µs	~equal
Parse (Small)	zerodep	python-dotenv	27.9 µs	27.8 µs	35.9K	36.0K	27.0 µs	66.5 µs	2.2 µs	28.2 µs	26.9 µs	76.8 µs	2.5 µs	27.9 µs	~equal

frontmatter↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Parse (Large)	zerodep	python-frontmatter	458.6 µs	458.4 µs	2.2K	2.2K	444.9 µs	571.5 µs	9.7 µs	469.4 µs	442.4 µs	627.2 µs	11.2 µs	468.7 µs	~equal
Parse (Medium)	zerodep	python-frontmatter	92.0 µs	88.5 µs	10.9K	11.3K	87.1 µs	331.2 µs	13.2 µs	101.4 µs	85.3 µs	180.7 µs	4.5 µs	98.6 µs	~equal
Parse (Small)	zerodep	python-frontmatter	13.8 µs	13.8 µs	72.3K	72.6K	13.3 µs	89.2 µs	1.6 µs	14.1 µs	13.1 µs	76.2 µs	1.7 µs	14.0 µs	~equal
Serialize (Large)	zerodep	python-frontmatter	718.8 µs	710.6 µs	1.4K	1.4K	697.2 µs	871.8 µs	17.1 µs	740.9 µs	690.3 µs	840.3 µs	14.2 µs	729.9 µs	~equal
Serialize (Medium)	zerodep	python-frontmatter	158.2 µs	157.8 µs	6.3K	6.3K	150.5 µs	493.9 µs	14.3 µs	172.6 µs	150.6 µs	278.2 µs	8.3 µs	171.9 µs	~equal
Serialize (Small)	zerodep	python-frontmatter	25.5 µs	25.4 µs	39.2K	39.4K	23.4 µs	116.7 µs	2.9 µs	27.6 µs	23.7 µs	76.7 µs	2.7 µs	27.2 µs	~equal

httpclient↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Async Client Get	zerodep	httpx	1.18 ms	26.75 ms	845.8	37.4	1.06 ms	1.45 ms	81.0 µs	1.36 ms	25.50 ms	34.59 ms	2.11 ms	31.67 ms	22.6x faster
Async File Upload	zerodep	httpx	1.49 ms	28.23 ms	669.0	35.4	1.31 ms	1.80 ms	77.5 µs	1.64 ms	26.18 ms	33.24 ms	1.91 ms	31.54 ms	18.9x faster
Async Get	zerodep	httpx	1.17 ms	28.32 ms	851.7	35.3	1.03 ms	1.54 ms	91.8 µs	1.36 ms	25.84 ms	33.24 ms	2.01 ms	32.36 ms	24.1x faster
Async Post JSON	zerodep	httpx	1.24 ms	26.80 ms	804.2	37.3	1.04 ms	1.60 ms	93.9 µs	1.42 ms	25.82 ms	32.42 ms	1.61 ms	30.99 ms	21.6x faster
Async Streaming	zerodep	httpx	1.18 ms	27.92 ms	849.7	35.8	1.06 ms	1.53 ms	51.4 µs	1.27 ms	25.81 ms	33.06 ms	2.03 ms	31.06 ms	23.7x faster
Concurrent Async Get	zerodep[N=10]	httpx	8.95 ms	89.36 ms	111.8	11.2	8.43 ms	9.45 ms	234.1 µs	9.31 ms	84.47 ms	96.23 ms	4.51 ms	96.23 ms	10.0x faster
Concurrent Async Get	zerodep[N=50]	httpx	40.11 ms	350.53 ms	24.9	2.9	38.94 ms	41.31 ms	659.3 µs	41.18 ms	335.64 ms	403.83 ms	29.81 ms	403.83 ms	8.7x faster
Concurrent Async Post	zerodep	httpx	9.72 ms	90.46 ms	102.9	11.1	9.18 ms	11.00 ms	256.6 µs	10.08 ms	85.73 ms	99.66 ms	3.86 ms	99.66 ms	9.3x faster
Connection Pool Reuse	zerodep	httpx	63.98 ms	120.67 ms	15.6	8.3	62.21 ms	67.58 ms	1.59 ms	67.58 ms	119.57 ms	122.53 ms	950.8 µs	122.53 ms	1.9x faster
Sync Client Get	zerodep	httpx	655.2 µs	1.04 ms	1.5K	957.4	552.7 µs	2.26 ms	120.3 µs	747.6 µs	892.3 µs	10.15 ms	321.2 µs	1.17 ms	1.6x faster
Sync File Upload	zerodep	httpx	966.5 µs	19.26 ms	1.0K	51.9	847.8 µs	2.74 ms	78.9 µs	1.03 ms	18.47 ms	25.37 ms	1.45 ms	24.38 ms	19.9x faster
Sync Get	zerodep	httpx	620.1 µs	19.57 ms	1.6K	51.1	541.9 µs	881.1 µs	48.9 µs	713.7 µs	18.04 ms	27.19 ms	2.27 ms	24.77 ms	31.6x faster
Sync Gzip Decompression	zerodep	httpx	648.4 µs	18.99 ms	1.5K	52.7	566.0 µs	852.2 µs	48.6 µs	736.8 µs	17.86 ms	28.94 ms	2.42 ms	27.41 ms	29.3x faster
Sync Post JSON	zerodep	httpx	711.6 µs	19.27 ms	1.4K	51.9	592.6 µs	1.45 ms	54.1 µs	819.0 µs	18.06 ms	30.26 ms	2.87 ms	29.40 ms	27.1x faster
Sync Streaming	zerodep	httpx	633.5 µs	18.95 ms	1.6K	52.8	550.1 µs	969.4 µs	31.8 µs	686.5 µs	18.02 ms	29.10 ms	2.39 ms	26.69 ms	29.9x faster

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Async Socks5Get	zerodep	1.96 ms	510.1	1.69 ms	5.66 ms	350.8 µs	2.13 ms
Sync Socks5Get	zerodep	1.25 ms	801.8	1.02 ms	1.58 ms	105.1 µs	1.44 ms
Sync Socks5Post JSON	zerodep	41.99 ms	23.8	41.68 ms	42.31 ms	109.9 µs	42.07 ms
Sync Socks5Streaming	zerodep	1.25 ms	801.2	1.05 ms	1.62 ms	115.3 µs	1.46 ms

httpserver↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Concurrent Get	zerodep	flask	8.47 ms	9.98 ms	118.1	100.2	6.83 ms	10.59 ms	946.7 µs	9.52 ms	8.80 ms	11.02 ms	652.3 µs	10.72 ms	1.2x faster
Concurrent Get	zerodep	microdot	8.47 ms	10.39 ms	118.1	96.3	6.83 ms	10.59 ms	946.7 µs	9.52 ms	8.54 ms	13.72 ms	2.01 ms	13.43 ms	1.2x faster
Concurrent Get	zerodep	bottle	8.47 ms	1.024 s	118.1	1.0	6.83 ms	10.59 ms	946.7 µs	9.52 ms	1.023 s	1.024 s	642.6 µs	1.024 s	120.9x faster
Concurrent Post	zerodep	flask	9.32 ms	10.42 ms	107.3	96.0	7.50 ms	10.31 ms	822.3 µs	10.14 ms	9.75 ms	11.60 ms	588.6 µs	11.41 ms	1.1x faster
Concurrent Post	zerodep	microdot	9.32 ms	9.49 ms	107.3	105.4	7.50 ms	10.31 ms	822.3 µs	10.14 ms	8.55 ms	13.45 ms	1.19 ms	12.65 ms	~equal
Concurrent Post	zerodep	bottle	9.32 ms	1.024 s	107.3	1.0	7.50 ms	10.31 ms	822.3 µs	10.14 ms	1.024 s	1.025 s	355.5 µs	1.025 s	109.9x faster
Get JSON	zerodep	flask	693.0 µs	829.5 µs	1.4K	1.2K	536.5 µs	938.5 µs	85.1 µs	829.8 µs	657.9 µs	1.08 ms	93.3 µs	947.6 µs	1.2x faster
Get JSON	zerodep	microdot	693.0 µs	744.6 µs	1.4K	1.3K	536.5 µs	938.5 µs	85.1 µs	829.8 µs	583.9 µs	1.29 ms	110.2 µs	942.6 µs	1.1x faster
Get JSON	zerodep	bottle	693.0 µs	721.0 µs	1.4K	1.4K	536.5 µs	938.5 µs	85.1 µs	829.8 µs	561.9 µs	1.76 ms	137.0 µs	836.4 µs	~equal
Get Text	zerodep	flask	636.4 µs	780.8 µs	1.6K	1.3K	521.7 µs	939.1 µs	72.0 µs	776.4 µs	641.4 µs	1.22 ms	91.6 µs	930.1 µs	1.2x faster
Get Text	zerodep	microdot	636.4 µs	779.8 µs	1.6K	1.3K	521.7 µs	939.1 µs	72.0 µs	776.4 µs	582.6 µs	1.17 ms	104.9 µs	936.0 µs	1.2x faster
Get Text	zerodep	bottle	636.4 µs	609.9 µs	1.6K	1.6K	521.7 µs	939.1 µs	72.0 µs	776.4 µs	536.4 µs	760.9 µs	23.0 µs	648.9 µs	~equal
Large Payload	zerodep	flask	1.13 ms	1.17 ms	882.6	853.8	804.6 µs	1.87 ms	152.4 µs	1.34 ms	1.03 ms	2.08 ms	74.1 µs	1.34 ms	~equal
Large Payload	zerodep	microdot	1.13 ms	1.02 ms	882.6	984.7	804.6 µs	1.87 ms	152.4 µs	1.34 ms	832.5 µs	1.54 ms	97.6 µs	1.18 ms	1.1x slower
Large Payload	zerodep	bottle	1.13 ms	984.1 µs	882.6	1.0K	804.6 µs	1.87 ms	152.4 µs	1.34 ms	817.7 µs	1.51 ms	93.0 µs	1.18 ms	1.2x slower
Post JSON	zerodep	flask	690.3 µs	886.1 µs	1.4K	1.1K	539.1 µs	1.69 ms	128.8 µs	851.1 µs	750.9 µs	1.40 ms	86.7 µs	1.08 ms	1.3x faster
Post JSON	zerodep	microdot	690.3 µs	750.5 µs	1.4K	1.3K	539.1 µs	1.69 ms	128.8 µs	851.1 µs	622.0 µs	1.34 ms	89.5 µs	965.8 µs	1.1x faster
Post JSON	zerodep	bottle	690.3 µs	767.5 µs	1.4K	1.3K	539.1 µs	1.69 ms	128.8 µs	851.1 µs	571.0 µs	1.03 ms	107.6 µs	931.3 µs	1.1x faster

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Sync Vs Async Handler	async_handler	657.7 µs	1.5K	497.1 µs	1.02 ms	87.1 µs	823.6 µs
Sync Vs Async Handler	sync_handler	835.6 µs	1.2K	664.6 µs	1.18 ms	86.9 µs	1.03 ms

jsonrpc↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Dispatch Batch	zerodep	jsonrpcserver	142.5 µs	2.78 ms	7.0K	359.6	138.4 µs	348.8 µs	7.5 µs	153.3 µs	2.70 ms	3.20 ms	52.2 µs	2.88 ms	19.5x faster
Dispatch Error	zerodep	jsonrpcserver	9.7 µs	135.9 µs	102.6K	7.4K	9.2 µs	59.1 µs	1.7 µs	9.9 µs	127.5 µs	262.7 µs	10.9 µs	157.5 µs	13.9x faster
Dispatch Not Found	zerodep	jsonrpcserver	7.9 µs	107.4 µs	126.8K	9.3K	7.5 µs	70.5 µs	1.4 µs	7.9 µs	100.5 µs	206.5 µs	9.3 µs	128.4 µs	13.6x faster
Dispatch Success	zerodep	jsonrpcserver	7.5 µs	143.2 µs	133.7K	7.0K	7.1 µs	47.8 µs	1.3 µs	7.5 µs	132.4 µs	290.2 µs	17.3 µs	165.9 µs	19.2x faster

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Deserialize From Dict	request_from_dict	926.0 ns	1.08M	881.0 ns	46.5 µs	350.9 ns	932.0 ns
Deserialize From Dict	response_from_dict	943.9 ns	1.06M	891.0 ns	25.0 µs	323.4 ns	952.0 ns
Id Generation	next_id	97.5 ns	10.26M	94.9 ns	502.4 ns	8.0 ns	98.0 ns
Json Round Trip	json_round_trip	6.5 µs	154.9K	6.1 µs	61.6 µs	1.3 µs	6.5 µs
Serialize To Dict	request_to_dict	365.8 ns	2.73M	341.7 ns	3.8 µs	58.9 ns	368.2 ns
Serialize To Dict	response_to_dict	452.5 ns	2.21M	420.0 ns	20.4 µs	214.9 ns	461.0 ns

jsonschema↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Perf (Large)	zerodep	allof-merge (JS)	255.7 µs	828.2 µs	3.9K	1.2K	245.2 µs	521.3 µs	10.9 µs	270.7 µs	661.5 µs	3.47 ms	274.7 µs	1.42 ms	3.2x faster
Perf (Medium)	zerodep	allof-merge (JS)	86.5 µs	379.9 µs	11.6K	2.6K	82.2 µs	182.6 µs	5.1 µs	98.0 µs	296.3 µs	1.02 ms	84.7 µs	542.5 µs	4.4x faster
Perf (Small)	zerodep	allof-merge (JS)	32.1 µs	202.1 µs	31.1K	4.9K	30.4 µs	381.7 µs	4.1 µs	33.9 µs	149.4 µs	2.31 ms	80.7 µs	316.2 µs	6.3x faster
Perf Tiny	zerodep	allof-merge (JS)	18.3 µs	190.8 µs	54.7K	5.2K	17.3 µs	76.5 µs	1.9 µs	18.7 µs	126.9 µs	1.08 ms	74.6 µs	292.6 µs	10.4x faster
Perf Xlarge	zerodep	allof-merge (JS)	1.68 ms	3.22 ms	596.7	310.7	1.64 ms	1.95 ms	28.7 µs	1.72 ms	3.04 ms	5.75 ms	287.7 µs	3.50 ms	1.9x faster

jsonx↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Fixture Load Eslint Config	zerodep	commentjson	844.6 µs	60.40 ms	1.2K	16.6	821.7 µs	1.19 ms	19.6 µs	865.8 µs	54.62 ms	130.43 ms	17.69 ms	130.43 ms	71.5x faster
Fixture Load Tsconfig	zerodep	commentjson	271.5 µs	18.47 ms	3.7K	54.1	263.9 µs	469.0 µs	10.5 µs	281.5 µs	16.58 ms	94.05 ms	10.38 ms	17.54 ms	68.0x faster
Fixture Load Vscode Settings	zerodep	commentjson	582.0 µs	33.78 ms	1.7K	29.6	565.5 µs	800.6 µs	13.5 µs	600.4 µs	31.21 ms	98.03 ms	11.73 ms	32.32 ms	58.0x faster
Jsonl (Large)	zerodep	jsonlines	1.65 ms	4.32 ms	605.0	231.7	1.44 ms	70.55 ms	3.47 ms	1.53 ms	3.41 ms	78.24 ms	7.78 ms	3.58 ms	2.6x faster
Jsonl (Large)	zerodep	ndjson	1.65 ms	1.68 ms	605.0	593.8	1.44 ms	70.55 ms	3.47 ms	1.53 ms	1.42 ms	73.16 ms	3.98 ms	1.50 ms	~equal
Jsonl (Medium)	zerodep	jsonlines	97.9 µs	289.4 µs	10.2K	3.5K	94.4 µs	191.1 µs	6.1 µs	107.0 µs	279.9 µs	643.0 µs	11.5 µs	301.0 µs	3.0x faster
Jsonl (Medium)	zerodep	ndjson	97.9 µs	98.2 µs	10.2K	10.2K	94.4 µs	191.1 µs	6.1 µs	107.0 µs	94.2 µs	209.3 µs	5.6 µs	108.8 µs	~equal
Jsonl (Small)	zerodep	jsonlines	8.2 µs	31.4 µs	122.3K	31.9K	7.9 µs	43.2 µs	1.1 µs	8.2 µs	29.8 µs	98.4 µs	4.1 µs	33.9 µs	3.8x faster
Jsonl (Small)	zerodep	ndjson	8.2 µs	10.6 µs	122.3K	94.3K	7.9 µs	43.2 µs	1.1 µs	8.2 µs	10.2 µs	52.7 µs	1.4 µs	10.8 µs	1.3x faster
Load (Large)	zerodep	commentjson	1.94 ms	223.88 ms	516.6	4.5	1.91 ms	2.36 ms	30.3 µs	1.97 ms	198.32 ms	278.15 ms	38.35 ms	278.15 ms	115.7x faster
Load (Medium)	zerodep	commentjson	96.8 µs	9.36 ms	10.3K	106.9	94.5 µs	179.1 µs	4.8 µs	106.6 µs	9.14 ms	11.00 ms	211.1 µs	9.58 ms	96.6x faster
Load (Small)	zerodep	commentjson	15.9 µs	1.37 ms	63.0K	727.7	15.3 µs	68.9 µs	1.7 µs	15.9 µs	1.19 ms	66.90 ms	2.62 ms	1.39 ms	86.6x faster

llmstxt↗

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Candidate Urls	zerodep	13.2 µs	75.7K	12.7 µs	43.1 µs	1.4 µs	13.3 µs
Parse (Large)	zerodep	1.25 ms	802.3	1.21 ms	1.35 ms	25.5 µs	1.30 ms
Parse (Medium)	zerodep	50.3 µs	19.9K	47.1 µs	733.4 µs	11.3 µs	60.0 µs
Parse (Small)	zerodep	12.3 µs	81.2K	11.9 µs	77.5 µs	1.5 µs	12.4 µs

markdown↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Render (Large)	zerodep	mistune	6.41 ms	10.20 ms	156.1	98.0	6.27 ms	8.79 ms	264.5 µs	6.63 ms	9.98 ms	10.73 ms	115.7 µs	10.37 ms	1.6x faster
Render (Medium)	zerodep	mistune	394.0 µs	726.5 µs	2.5K	1.4K	378.2 µs	569.4 µs	15.2 µs	414.1 µs	693.0 µs	826.4 µs	20.3 µs	751.9 µs	1.8x faster
Render (Small)	zerodep	mistune	57.5 µs	72.3 µs	17.4K	13.8K	54.1 µs	102.8 µs	4.3 µs	69.7 µs	68.7 µs	108.9 µs	5.4 µs	87.4 µs	1.3x faster
Render GFMLarge	zerodep	mistune	7.21 ms	16.57 ms	138.7	60.3	7.12 ms	7.60 ms	69.0 µs	7.34 ms	12.30 ms	321.68 ms	35.23 ms	12.95 ms	2.3x faster
Render GFMMedium	zerodep	mistune	363.3 µs	705.9 µs	2.8K	1.4K	347.8 µs	491.6 µs	12.4 µs	379.0 µs	672.8 µs	1.07 ms	34.2 µs	745.1 µs	1.9x faster

multipart↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Fixture Parse Form With File	zerodep	python_multipart	60.3 µs	114.6 µs	16.6K	8.7K	56.4 µs	155.7 µs	5.5 µs	72.7 µs	107.9 µs	549.7 µs	12.9 µs	127.3 µs	1.9x faster
Fixture Parse Large Binary	zerodep	python_multipart	98.2 µs	130.3 µs	10.2K	7.7K	93.8 µs	171.9 µs	6.3 µs	111.6 µs	123.8 µs	250.3 µs	8.0 µs	144.5 µs	1.3x faster
Fixture Parse Mixed Charsets	zerodep	python_multipart	42.5 µs	86.7 µs	23.5K	11.5K	39.9 µs	155.4 µs	4.3 µs	48.4 µs	81.4 µs	201.1 µs	9.0 µs	99.7 µs	2.0x faster
Parse (Large)	zerodep	python_multipart	462.7 µs	336.7 µs	2.2K	3.0K	438.9 µs	1.07 ms	45.2 µs	488.5 µs	321.2 µs	582.9 µs	14.6 µs	358.7 µs	1.4x slower
Parse (Medium)	zerodep	python_multipart	65.7 µs	112.1 µs	15.2K	8.9K	62.1 µs	233.9 µs	5.8 µs	78.4 µs	105.9 µs	293.9 µs	9.2 µs	125.8 µs	1.7x faster
Parse (Small)	zerodep	python_multipart	22.9 µs	50.9 µs	43.7K	19.6K	21.6 µs	130.2 µs	3.9 µs	24.1 µs	47.5 µs	139.2 µs	4.4 µs	62.3 µs	2.2x faster
Scale Curve	parse_zerodep[100B]	parse_python_multipart[100B]	12.5 µs	33.3 µs	80.1K	30.0K	11.9 µs	58.5 µs	1.9 µs	13.0 µs	30.7 µs	96.8 µs	3.5 µs	36.5 µs	2.7x faster
Scale Curve	parse_zerodep[500B]	parse_python_multipart[500B]	13.0 µs	33.7 µs	76.7K	29.7K	12.3 µs	82.9 µs	2.3 µs	13.8 µs	31.1 µs	93.2 µs	3.6 µs	37.0 µs	2.6x faster
Scale Curve	parse_zerodep[1KB]	parse_python_multipart[1KB]	23.2 µs	54.9 µs	43.1K	18.2K	22.1 µs	128.0 µs	3.0 µs	24.6 µs	51.3 µs	274.2 µs	7.8 µs	67.0 µs	2.4x faster
Scale Curve	parse_zerodep[5KB]	parse_python_multipart[5KB]	57.8 µs	106.1 µs	17.3K	9.4K	55.3 µs	139.5 µs	4.8 µs	69.8 µs	100.5 µs	196.2 µs	6.2 µs	118.9 µs	1.8x faster
Scale Curve	parse_zerodep[10KB]	parse_python_multipart[10KB]	65.4 µs	110.9 µs	15.3K	9.0K	62.6 µs	139.1 µs	4.9 µs	77.7 µs	103.2 µs	226.0 µs	9.2 µs	130.9 µs	1.7x faster
Scale Curve	parse_zerodep[50KB]	parse_python_multipart[50KB]	171.5 µs	205.7 µs	5.8K	4.9K	164.9 µs	378.2 µs	9.5 µs	185.4 µs	195.6 µs	1.93 ms	30.9 µs	220.6 µs	1.2x faster
Scale Curve	parse_zerodep[100KB]	parse_python_multipart[100KB]	241.6 µs	221.0 µs	4.1K	4.5K	233.4 µs	449.4 µs	12.9 µs	256.2 µs	209.1 µs	471.3 µs	14.9 µs	238.3 µs	1.1x slower
Scale Curve	parse_zerodep[500KB]	parse_python_multipart[500KB]	894.3 µs	509.6 µs	1.1K	2.0K	869.2 µs	2.20 ms	51.2 µs	912.1 µs	491.3 µs	850.5 µs	15.5 µs	532.0 µs	1.8x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[100B]	parse_python_multipart[100B]	2.5 µs	33.3 µs	395.6K	30.0K	2.4 µs	50.5 µs	645.2 ns	2.5 µs	30.7 µs	96.8 µs	3.5 µs	36.5 µs	13.2x faster
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[500B]	parse_python_multipart[500B]	2.7 µs	33.7 µs	374.7K	29.7K	2.5 µs	247.1 µs	1.5 µs	2.7 µs	31.1 µs	93.2 µs	3.6 µs	37.0 µs	12.6x faster
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[1KB]	parse_python_multipart[1KB]	3.7 µs	54.9 µs	272.9K	18.2K	3.5 µs	52.3 µs	815.4 ns	3.7 µs	51.3 µs	274.2 µs	7.8 µs	67.0 µs	15.0x faster
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[5KB]	parse_python_multipart[5KB]	6.2 µs	106.1 µs	161.6K	9.4K	5.7 µs	185.5 µs	3.1 µs	6.1 µs	100.5 µs	196.2 µs	6.2 µs	118.9 µs	17.1x faster
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[10KB]	parse_python_multipart[10KB]	6.2 µs	110.9 µs	161.5K	9.0K	5.9 µs	88.9 µs	1.2 µs	6.2 µs	103.2 µs	226.0 µs	9.2 µs	130.9 µs	17.9x faster
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[50KB]	parse_python_multipart[50KB]	12.2 µs	205.7 µs	82.1K	4.9K	11.4 µs	79.1 µs	1.7 µs	13.4 µs	195.6 µs	1.93 ms	30.9 µs	220.6 µs	16.9x faster
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[100KB]	parse_python_multipart[100KB]	15.3 µs	221.0 µs	65.5K	4.5K	14.4 µs	85.3 µs	2.2 µs	18.0 µs	209.1 µs	471.3 µs	14.9 µs	238.3 µs	14.5x faster
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[500KB]	parse_python_multipart[500KB]	56.7 µs	509.6 µs	17.6K	2.0K	53.6 µs	211.4 µs	6.4 µs	66.8 µs	491.3 µs	850.5 µs	15.5 µs	532.0 µs	9.0x faster
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[100B]	parse_python_multipart[100B]	15.6 µs	33.3 µs	64.2K	30.0K	14.1 µs	1.95 ms	15.2 µs	16.7 µs	30.7 µs	96.8 µs	3.5 µs	36.5 µs	2.1x faster
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[500B]	parse_python_multipart[500B]	16.7 µs	33.7 µs	59.9K	29.7K	15.4 µs	68.2 µs	2.7 µs	18.1 µs	31.1 µs	93.2 µs	3.6 µs	37.0 µs	2.0x faster
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[1KB]	parse_python_multipart[1KB]	29.3 µs	54.9 µs	34.1K	18.2K	27.0 µs	116.5 µs	3.9 µs	32.6 µs	51.3 µs	274.2 µs	7.8 µs	67.0 µs	1.9x faster
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[5KB]	parse_python_multipart[5KB]	67.9 µs	106.1 µs	14.7K	9.4K	63.9 µs	163.3 µs	5.6 µs	82.1 µs	100.5 µs	196.2 µs	6.2 µs	118.9 µs	1.6x faster
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[10KB]	parse_python_multipart[10KB]	75.5 µs	110.9 µs	13.2K	9.0K	71.2 µs	156.2 µs	6.4 µs	90.1 µs	103.2 µs	226.0 µs	9.2 µs	130.9 µs	1.5x faster
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[50KB]	parse_python_multipart[50KB]	188.5 µs	205.7 µs	5.3K	4.9K	177.6 µs	515.6 µs	17.3 µs	204.7 µs	195.6 µs	1.93 ms	30.9 µs	220.6 µs	1.1x faster
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[100KB]	parse_python_multipart[100KB]	265.1 µs	221.0 µs	3.8K	4.5K	253.9 µs	419.9 µs	11.2 µs	282.2 µs	209.1 µs	471.3 µs	14.9 µs	238.3 µs	1.2x slower
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[500KB]	parse_python_multipart[500KB]	975.6 µs	509.6 µs	1.0K	2.0K	946.2 µs	2.27 ms	49.4 µs	995.3 µs	491.3 µs	850.5 µs	15.5 µs	532.0 µs	1.9x slower

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Encode (Large)	zerodep	46.0 µs	21.7K	35.3 µs	125.4 µs	6.4 µs	57.9 µs
Encode (Medium)	zerodep	8.3 µs	120.1K	7.6 µs	74.9 µs	2.4 µs	8.4 µs
Encode (Small)	zerodep	4.0 µs	248.5K	3.8 µs	33.6 µs	768.2 ns	4.0 µs
Round Trip	small	26.8 µs	37.3K	24.9 µs	85.2 µs	3.4 µs	29.0 µs
Round Trip	medium	81.9 µs	12.2K	77.5 µs	178.5 µs	6.3 µs	96.6 µs

persistdict↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Iterate (Small)	zerodep_json	shelve	460.4 µs	213.8 µs	2.2K	4.7K	398.9 µs	5.17 ms	245.1 µs	505.4 µs	203.5 µs	630.0 µs	20.0 µs	231.0 µs	2.2x slower
Iterate (Small)	zerodep_json	sqlitedict	460.4 µs	1.38 ms	2.2K	726.6	398.9 µs	5.17 ms	245.1 µs	505.4 µs	1.27 ms	1.81 ms	72.6 µs	1.47 ms	3.0x faster
Iterate (Small)	zerodep_sqlite	shelve	883.1 µs	213.8 µs	1.1K	4.7K	847.8 µs	1.13 ms	19.0 µs	913.7 µs	203.5 µs	630.0 µs	20.0 µs	231.0 µs	4.1x slower
Iterate (Small)	zerodep_sqlite	sqlitedict	883.1 µs	1.38 ms	1.1K	726.6	847.8 µs	1.13 ms	19.0 µs	913.7 µs	1.27 ms	1.81 ms	72.6 µs	1.47 ms	1.6x faster
Read (Small)	zerodep_json	shelve	424.5 µs	190.6 µs	2.4K	5.2K	391.2 µs	3.61 ms	139.8 µs	481.8 µs	182.2 µs	313.9 µs	10.1 µs	208.1 µs	2.2x slower
Read (Small)	zerodep_json	sqlitedict	424.5 µs	10.40 ms	2.4K	96.2	391.2 µs	3.61 ms	139.8 µs	481.8 µs	10.13 ms	12.35 ms	310.0 µs	10.86 ms	24.5x faster
Read (Small)	zerodep_sqlite	shelve	850.5 µs	190.6 µs	1.2K	5.2K	810.8 µs	1.12 ms	24.5 µs	884.7 µs	182.2 µs	313.9 µs	10.1 µs	208.1 µs	4.5x slower
Read (Small)	zerodep_sqlite	sqlitedict	850.5 µs	10.40 ms	1.2K	96.2	810.8 µs	1.12 ms	24.5 µs	884.7 µs	10.13 ms	12.35 ms	310.0 µs	10.86 ms	12.2x faster
Write (Large)	zerodep_json	shelve	13.80 ms	11.05 ms	72.4	90.5	13.59 ms	14.34 ms	120.3 µs	14.01 ms	10.51 ms	15.71 ms	936.6 µs	12.48 ms	1.2x slower
Write (Large)	zerodep_json	sqlitedict	13.80 ms	806.32 ms	72.4	1.2	13.59 ms	14.34 ms	120.3 µs	14.01 ms	735.45 ms	910.72 ms	75.15 ms	910.72 ms	58.4x faster
Write (Large)	zerodep_sqlite	shelve	77.81 ms	11.05 ms	12.9	90.5	74.38 ms	81.79 ms	2.16 ms	81.79 ms	10.51 ms	15.71 ms	936.6 µs	12.48 ms	7.0x slower
Write (Large)	zerodep_sqlite	sqlitedict	77.81 ms	806.32 ms	12.9	1.2	74.38 ms	81.79 ms	2.16 ms	81.79 ms	735.45 ms	910.72 ms	75.15 ms	910.72 ms	10.4x faster
Write (Large)	zerodep_sqlite_batched	shelve	22.71 ms	11.05 ms	44.0	90.5	21.57 ms	27.55 ms	1.38 ms	25.50 ms	10.51 ms	15.71 ms	936.6 µs	12.48 ms	2.1x slower
Write (Large)	zerodep_sqlite_batched	sqlitedict	22.71 ms	806.32 ms	44.0	1.2	21.57 ms	27.55 ms	1.38 ms	25.50 ms	735.45 ms	910.72 ms	75.15 ms	910.72 ms	35.5x faster
Write (Small)	zerodep_json	shelve	433.4 µs	397.9 µs	2.3K	2.5K	401.5 µs	2.13 ms	50.8 µs	496.9 µs	371.2 µs	425.6 µs	17.0 µs	425.6 µs	1.1x slower
Write (Small)	zerodep_json	sqlitedict	433.4 µs	19.82 ms	2.3K	50.5	401.5 µs	2.13 ms	50.8 µs	496.9 µs	18.97 ms	24.19 ms	1.10 ms	22.46 ms	45.7x faster
Write (Small)	zerodep_sqlite	shelve	5.13 ms	397.9 µs	195.1	2.5K	4.43 ms	10.88 ms	1.03 ms	7.63 ms	371.2 µs	425.6 µs	17.0 µs	425.6 µs	12.9x slower
Write (Small)	zerodep_sqlite	sqlitedict	5.13 ms	19.82 ms	195.1	50.5	4.43 ms	10.88 ms	1.03 ms	7.63 ms	18.97 ms	24.19 ms	1.10 ms	22.46 ms	3.9x faster
Write (Small)	zerodep_sqlite_batched	shelve	3.65 ms	397.9 µs	274.1	2.5K	2.74 ms	38.37 ms	2.34 ms	7.18 ms	371.2 µs	425.6 µs	17.0 µs	425.6 µs	9.2x slower
Write (Small)	zerodep_sqlite_batched	sqlitedict	3.65 ms	19.82 ms	274.1	50.5	2.74 ms	38.37 ms	2.34 ms	7.18 ms	18.97 ms	24.19 ms	1.10 ms	22.46 ms	5.4x faster

png↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Decode Bmp Medium RGB	zerodep	pillow	624.8 µs	99.9 µs	1.6K	10.0K	604.8 µs	832.9 µs	15.0 µs	642.9 µs	94.2 µs	168.3 µs	6.3 µs	114.1 µs	6.3x slower
Decode Large RGBA	zerodep	pillow	491.35 ms	22.21 ms	2.0	45.0	487.72 ms	495.65 ms	3.16 ms	495.65 ms	22.08 ms	22.39 ms	88.5 µs	22.36 ms	22.1x slower
Decode Medium Gray	zerodep	pillow	5.99 ms	294.7 µs	167.1	3.4K	5.88 ms	6.44 ms	53.3 µs	6.04 ms	282.8 µs	377.6 µs	10.8 µs	312.1 µs	20.3x slower
Decode Medium RGB	zerodep	pillow	23.43 ms	1.02 ms	42.7	977.7	22.86 ms	25.05 ms	392.6 µs	23.84 ms	1.01 ms	1.10 ms	10.1 µs	1.04 ms	22.9x slower
Decode Medium RGBA	zerodep	pillow	27.00 ms	1.26 ms	37.0	794.5	26.63 ms	28.13 ms	370.0 µs	28.02 ms	1.24 ms	1.63 ms	32.0 µs	1.28 ms	21.5x slower
Decode Small RGBA	zerodep	pillow	1.54 ms	65.3 µs	647.9	15.3K	1.51 ms	1.69 ms	18.9 µs	1.58 ms	61.2 µs	118.4 µs	6.3 µs	82.1 µs	23.6x slower
Encode Bmp Medium RGB	zerodep	pillow	597.1 µs	87.5 µs	1.7K	11.4K	574.3 µs	866.3 µs	12.6 µs	609.2 µs	83.0 µs	177.4 µs	6.0 µs	100.8 µs	6.8x slower
Encode Large RGBA	zerodep	pillow	3.959 s	176.00 ms	0.3	5.7	3.796 s	4.203 s	211.75 ms	4.203 s	175.69 ms	176.93 ms	480.5 µs	176.93 ms	22.5x slower
Encode Medium RGBA	zerodep	pillow	236.12 ms	10.79 ms	4.2	92.7	234.83 ms	238.06 ms	1.31 ms	238.06 ms	10.72 ms	10.98 ms	38.2 µs	10.85 ms	21.9x slower
Encode Small RGBA	zerodep	pillow	13.78 ms	531.5 µs	72.6	1.9K	13.52 ms	14.08 ms	102.5 µs	13.93 ms	517.6 µs	605.2 µs	9.9 µs	547.3 µs	25.9x slower
Matrix Round Trip	zerodep_encode	pillow_encode	87.48 ms	2.55 ms	11.4	391.9	86.58 ms	88.24 ms	433.8 µs	88.24 ms	2.52 ms	2.81 ms	21.0 µs	2.58 ms	34.3x slower
Matrix Round Trip	zerodep_encode	pillow_decode	87.48 ms	283.3 µs	11.4	3.5K	86.58 ms	88.24 ms	433.8 µs	88.24 ms	267.9 µs	399.0 µs	14.2 µs	309.9 µs	308.8x slower
Matrix Round Trip	zerodep_decode	pillow_encode	16.73 ms	2.55 ms	59.8	391.9	16.48 ms	17.37 ms	146.9 µs	17.00 ms	2.52 ms	2.81 ms	21.0 µs	2.58 ms	6.6x slower
Matrix Round Trip	zerodep_decode	pillow_decode	16.73 ms	283.3 µs	59.8	3.5K	16.48 ms	17.37 ms	146.9 µs	17.00 ms	267.9 µs	399.0 µs	14.2 µs	309.9 µs	59.1x slower

protobuf↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Decode Comparison	zerodep_large	google (protobuf)	332.9 µs	4.6 µs	3.0K	215.7K	325.5 µs	359.4 µs	6.7 µs	343.4 µs	4.4 µs	68.4 µs	1.1 µs	4.6 µs	71.8x slower
Decode Comparison	zerodep_medium	google (protobuf)	43.5 µs	1.4 µs	23.0K	740.6K	41.4 µs	110.7 µs	3.3 µs	47.3 µs	1.3 µs	41.4 µs	451.3 ns	1.4 µs	32.2x slower
Decode Comparison	zerodep_small	google (protobuf)	4.7 µs	742.8 ns	212.7K	1.35M	4.4 µs	46.1 µs	873.2 ns	4.8 µs	691.0 ns	210.7 µs	630.1 ns	751.0 ns	6.3x slower
Encode Comparison	zerodep_large	google (protobuf)	127.7 µs	2.4 µs	7.8K	414.7K	121.8 µs	240.4 µs	6.5 µs	138.8 µs	2.3 µs	49.7 µs	515.1 ns	2.4 µs	52.9x slower
Encode Comparison	zerodep_medium	google (protobuf)	19.2 µs	343.7 ns	52.1K	2.91M	18.2 µs	70.7 µs	1.8 µs	19.5 µs	334.1 ns	3.8 µs	45.6 ns	343.6 ns	55.9x slower
Encode Comparison	zerodep_small	google (protobuf)	2.1 µs	192.9 ns	486.9K	5.18M	1.9 µs	60.2 µs	654.2 ns	2.1 µs	186.3 ns	2.4 µs	33.4 ns	191.1 ns	10.6x slower
Roundtrip Comparison	zerodep_large	google (protobuf)	465.3 µs	7.0 µs	2.1K	142.8K	445.4 µs	561.9 µs	11.0 µs	480.5 µs	6.7 µs	69.5 µs	1.6 µs	6.9 µs	66.4x slower
Roundtrip Comparison	zerodep_medium	google (protobuf)	65.7 µs	1.8 µs	15.2K	545.6K	62.7 µs	131.1 µs	4.1 µs	76.1 µs	1.7 µs	68.8 µs	821.8 ns	1.8 µs	35.8x slower
Roundtrip Comparison	zerodep_small	google (protobuf)	6.6 µs	1.1 µs	150.9K	938.0K	6.2 µs	69.5 µs	1.5 µs	6.7 µs	1.0 µs	69.0 µs	514.0 ns	1.1 µs	6.2x slower
Scale Curve	decode_zerodep[100items]	google (protobuf)	41.2 µs	1.2 µs	24.3K	869.2K	39.4 µs	112.5 µs	3.1 µs	44.1 µs	1.1 µs	16.3 µs	233.2 ns	1.1 µs	35.8x slower
Scale Curve	decode_zerodep[10items]	google (protobuf)	10.3 µs	859.7 ns	96.7K	1.16M	9.8 µs	57.8 µs	1.4 µs	10.4 µs	801.0 ns	123.6 µs	612.4 ns	862.0 ns	12.0x slower
Scale Curve	decode_zerodep[10Kitems]	google (protobuf)	5.65 ms	62.1 µs	177.0	16.1K	5.56 ms	6.06 ms	50.8 µs	5.73 ms	60.8 µs	161.9 µs	4.5 µs	70.4 µs	90.9x slower
Scale Curve	decode_zerodep[1Kitems]	google (protobuf)	537.5 µs	6.7 µs	1.9K	149.9K	520.6 µs	750.7 µs	12.4 µs	549.7 µs	6.4 µs	58.2 µs	1.2 µs	6.8 µs	80.6x slower
Scale Curve	decode_zerodep[500items]	google (protobuf)	256.5 µs	3.9 µs	3.9K	255.8K	246.2 µs	464.0 µs	11.9 µs	267.0 µs	3.8 µs	61.7 µs	957.8 ns	3.8 µs	65.6x slower
Scale Curve	decode_zerodep[50items]	google (protobuf)	23.9 µs	929.8 ns	41.9K	1.08M	22.6 µs	71.6 µs	2.1 µs	24.4 µs	895.0 ns	11.6 µs	191.5 ns	923.3 ns	25.7x slower
Scale Curve	decode_zerodep[50Kitems]	google (protobuf)	34.08 ms	338.9 µs	29.3	3.0K	33.43 ms	35.09 ms	304.4 µs	34.46 ms	332.2 µs	535.5 µs	11.1 µs	347.5 µs	100.6x slower
Scale Curve	decode_zerodep[5Kitems]	google (protobuf)	2.82 ms	31.5 µs	354.7	31.8K	2.78 ms	3.13 ms	28.9 µs	2.87 ms	30.8 µs	114.8 µs	3.3 µs	31.9 µs	89.6x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[100items]	google (protobuf)	17.8 µs	329.6 ns	56.1K	3.03M	17.1 µs	67.2 µs	1.6 µs	18.1 µs	309.9 ns	4.0 µs	51.1 ns	341.3 ns	54.1x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[10items]	google (protobuf)	5.5 µs	242.4 ns	181.5K	4.13M	5.1 µs	113.1 µs	1.2 µs	5.6 µs	236.1 ns	2.9 µs	35.2 ns	241.9 ns	22.7x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[10Kitems]	google (protobuf)	1.98 ms	73.3 µs	504.4	13.6K	1.93 ms	2.45 ms	30.9 µs	2.02 ms	72.3 µs	139.8 µs	3.5 µs	81.6 µs	27.0x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[1Kitems]	google (protobuf)	195.7 µs	7.1 µs	5.1K	141.4K	187.8 µs	376.0 µs	12.9 µs	204.3 µs	6.9 µs	88.4 µs	1.0 µs	7.1 µs	27.7x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[500items]	google (protobuf)	96.3 µs	3.3 µs	10.4K	299.3K	93.0 µs	173.6 µs	4.4 µs	105.2 µs	3.3 µs	55.5 µs	591.6 ns	3.3 µs	28.8x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[50items]	google (protobuf)	11.1 µs	269.2 ns	90.4K	3.71M	10.5 µs	55.0 µs	1.3 µs	11.2 µs	262.1 ns	2.7 µs	38.6 ns	268.4 ns	41.1x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[50Kitems]	google (protobuf)	13.43 ms	404.7 µs	74.5	2.5K	13.26 ms	13.76 ms	85.5 µs	13.62 ms	395.9 µs	578.6 µs	9.8 µs	414.7 µs	33.2x slower
Scale Curve	encode_zerodep[5Kitems]	google (protobuf)	992.5 µs	36.7 µs	1.0K	27.3K	960.1 µs	1.51 ms	22.9 µs	1.01 ms	36.0 µs	89.2 µs	2.2 µs	36.8 µs	27.1x slower

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[100items]	60.4 µs	16.6K	57.5 µs	148.1 µs	4.2 µs	70.6 µs
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[10items]	16.8 µs	59.7K	15.8 µs	124.1 µs	2.1 µs	17.4 µs
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[10Kitems]	7.64 ms	130.9	7.52 ms	7.90 ms	68.0 µs	7.75 ms
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[1Kitems]	743.0 µs	1.3K	722.2 µs	1.06 ms	15.3 µs	757.3 µs
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[500items]	362.4 µs	2.8K	350.0 µs	3.39 ms	63.3 µs	371.2 µs
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[50items]	36.0 µs	27.8K	34.0 µs	136.2 µs	4.0 µs	38.2 µs
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[50Kitems]	47.39 ms	21.1	46.60 ms	49.17 ms	563.2 µs	48.12 ms
Scale Curve	roundtrip_zerodep[5Kitems]	3.81 ms	262.6	3.74 ms	4.07 ms	39.8 µs	3.88 ms
test_decode_large	decode_large	325.3 µs	3.1K	313.9 µs	478.4 µs	11.9 µs	339.3 µs
test_decode_medium	decode_medium	44.0 µs	22.7K	41.5 µs	103.1 µs	3.2 µs	47.5 µs
test_decode_small	decode_small	4.7 µs	214.7K	4.4 µs	48.0 µs	988.7 ns	4.7 µs
test_encode_large	encode_large	126.0 µs	7.9K	122.1 µs	268.7 µs	6.5 µs	136.0 µs
test_encode_medium	encode_medium	19.1 µs	52.3K	18.3 µs	64.3 µs	1.7 µs	19.4 µs
test_encode_small	encode_small	2.1 µs	484.0K	1.9 µs	48.5 µs	855.1 ns	2.1 µs
test_from_dict_large	from_dict_large	180.5 µs	5.5K	173.8 µs	409.5 µs	12.1 µs	191.4 µs
test_roundtrip_large	roundtrip_large	459.6 µs	2.2K	444.5 µs	571.7 µs	13.3 µs	476.0 µs
test_roundtrip_medium	roundtrip_medium	65.4 µs	15.3K	62.2 µs	164.4 µs	4.7 µs	75.6 µs
test_roundtrip_small	roundtrip_small	6.9 µs	144.6K	6.4 µs	45.8 µs	1.4 µs	7.0 µs
test_to_dict_large	to_dict_large	105.1 µs	9.5K	102.0 µs	215.4 µs	5.5 µs	114.2 µs

qr↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Encode Binary	zerodep	qrcode	34.31 ms	43.04 ms	29.1	23.2	33.82 ms	34.75 ms	255.6 µs	34.73 ms	42.76 ms	45.13 ms	504.5 µs	43.17 ms	1.3x faster
Encode High Ecc	zerodep	qrcode	6.49 ms	6.11 ms	154.2	163.7	6.42 ms	6.61 ms	30.8 µs	6.54 ms	6.02 ms	10.26 ms	351.3 µs	6.15 ms	1.1x slower
Encode Large Data	zerodep	qrcode	34.47 ms	47.64 ms	29.0	21.0	34.24 ms	34.81 ms	163.4 µs	34.80 ms	47.25 ms	48.09 ms	195.6 µs	47.82 ms	1.4x faster
Encode Long	zerodep	qrcode	10.91 ms	11.61 ms	91.7	86.1	10.75 ms	11.06 ms	73.6 µs	11.03 ms	11.48 ms	13.03 ms	173.4 µs	11.68 ms	1.1x faster
Encode Numeric	zerodep	qrcode	4.25 ms	4.00 ms	235.2	250.3	4.19 ms	4.40 ms	29.2 µs	4.31 ms	3.94 ms	6.40 ms	174.4 µs	4.03 ms	1.1x slower
Encode Short	zerodep	qrcode	2.33 ms	1.80 ms	428.6	556.6	2.30 ms	2.51 ms	21.6 µs	2.37 ms	1.76 ms	2.50 ms	50.6 µs	1.83 ms	1.3x slower
Encode URL	zerodep	qrcode	5.37 ms	5.01 ms	186.2	199.7	5.29 ms	5.84 ms	55.7 µs	5.44 ms	4.95 ms	5.95 ms	95.1 µs	5.07 ms	1.1x slower

readability↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Large	zerodep	readability-lxml	34.85 ms	26.51 ms	28.7	37.7	33.63 ms	36.00 ms	649.0 µs	35.79 ms	25.25 ms	27.95 ms	696.1 µs	27.64 ms	1.3x slower
Large	zerodep	Mozilla Readability.js	34.85 ms	721.24 ms	28.7	1.4	33.63 ms	36.00 ms	649.0 µs	35.79 ms	620.86 ms	1.013 s	164.84 ms	1.013 s	20.7x faster
Medium	zerodep	readability-lxml	2.83 ms	3.31 ms	353.2	302.3	2.69 ms	3.58 ms	123.1 µs	2.97 ms	3.20 ms	4.75 ms	133.2 µs	3.40 ms	1.2x faster
Medium	zerodep	Mozilla Readability.js	2.83 ms	29.83 ms	353.2	33.5	2.69 ms	3.58 ms	123.1 µs	2.97 ms	20.00 ms	53.77 ms	8.57 ms	53.77 ms	10.5x faster
Small	zerodep	readability-lxml	294.0 µs	691.0 µs	3.4K	1.4K	261.9 µs	17.38 ms	404.3 µs	338.2 µs	654.7 µs	972.8 µs	21.4 µs	713.9 µs	2.3x faster
Small	zerodep	Mozilla Readability.js	294.0 µs	17.16 ms	3.4K	58.3	261.9 µs	17.38 ms	404.3 µs	338.2 µs	13.64 ms	25.21 ms	4.02 ms	25.21 ms	58.4x faster
Synthetic (Large)	zerodep	readability-lxml	5.34 ms	13.14 ms	187.1	76.1	5.12 ms	7.68 ms	406.5 µs	6.47 ms	12.87 ms	13.82 ms	164.9 µs	13.38 ms	2.5x faster
Synthetic (Large)	zerodep	Mozilla Readability.js	5.34 ms	48.52 ms	187.1	20.6	5.12 ms	7.68 ms	406.5 µs	6.47 ms	46.24 ms	54.30 ms	2.00 ms	54.30 ms	9.1x faster
Synthetic (Medium)	zerodep	readability-lxml	1.10 ms	2.37 ms	906.4	421.1	1.04 ms	1.91 ms	114.7 µs	1.19 ms	2.31 ms	2.92 ms	57.3 µs	2.46 ms	2.2x faster
Synthetic (Medium)	zerodep	Mozilla Readability.js	1.10 ms	14.65 ms	906.4	68.2	1.04 ms	1.91 ms	114.7 µs	1.19 ms	11.15 ms	27.10 ms	2.81 ms	18.25 ms	13.3x faster
Synthetic (Small)	zerodep	readability-lxml	454.4 µs	823.1 µs	2.2K	1.2K	408.8 µs	1.43 ms	54.7 µs	558.3 µs	729.9 µs	1.16 ms	90.2 µs	1.01 ms	1.8x faster
Synthetic (Small)	zerodep	Mozilla Readability.js	454.4 µs	10.48 ms	2.2K	95.4	408.8 µs	1.43 ms	54.7 µs	558.3 µs	7.31 ms	21.94 ms	3.35 ms	15.93 ms	23.1x faster

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Is Probably Readable	zerodep	1.68 ms	596.7	1.54 ms	2.86 ms	207.3 µs	1.76 ms

retry↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Backoff Calculation	zerodep	tenacity	5.8 µs	14.7 µs	171.5K	68.1K	5.5 µs	40.1 µs	913.5 ns	6.0 µs	14.2 µs	123.4 µs	1.7 µs	14.9 µs	2.5x faster
Decorator Overhead	zerodep	tenacity	525.0 ns	19.6 µs	1.90M	51.1K	497.1 ns	7.0 µs	109.6 ns	532.4 ns	16.5 µs	329.7 µs	12.1 µs	21.4 µs	37.3x faster
Retry With Failures	zerodep	tenacity	248.4 µs	323.3 µs	4.0K	3.1K	230.8 µs	282.2 µs	3.1 µs	252.7 µs	267.7 µs	528.1 µs	15.8 µs	331.1 µs	1.3x faster

runner↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Env Passing	zerodep	sh	11.90 ms	71.86 ms	84.0	13.9	11.56 ms	12.49 ms	184.8 µs	12.26 ms	70.79 ms	72.70 ms	626.5 µs	72.70 ms	6.0x faster
Env Passing	zerodep	subprocess	11.90 ms	11.65 ms	84.0	85.8	11.56 ms	12.49 ms	184.8 µs	12.26 ms	11.22 ms	12.24 ms	204.6 µs	12.01 ms	~equal
Output Capture	zerodep	sh	11.64 ms	71.41 ms	85.9	14.0	11.15 ms	12.50 ms	255.5 µs	12.00 ms	70.79 ms	71.93 ms	434.8 µs	71.93 ms	6.1x faster
Output Capture	zerodep	subprocess	11.64 ms	11.72 ms	85.9	85.3	11.15 ms	12.50 ms	255.5 µs	12.00 ms	11.39 ms	13.30 ms	323.4 µs	12.15 ms	~equal
Simple Command	zerodep	sh	2.05 ms	61.51 ms	487.9	16.3	1.95 ms	2.28 ms	49.1 µs	2.14 ms	60.92 ms	62.43 ms	400.5 µs	62.43 ms	30.0x faster
Simple Command	zerodep	subprocess	2.05 ms	916.9 µs	487.9	1.1K	1.95 ms	2.28 ms	49.1 µs	2.14 ms	855.8 µs	1.52 ms	50.7 µs	1.02 ms	2.2x slower
Stdin Input	zerodep	sh	11.75 ms	71.43 ms	85.1	14.0	11.42 ms	13.40 ms	301.8 µs	12.24 ms	70.82 ms	72.67 ms	521.8 µs	72.67 ms	6.1x faster
Stdin Input	zerodep	subprocess	11.75 ms	11.91 ms	85.1	84.0	11.42 ms	13.40 ms	301.8 µs	12.24 ms	11.36 ms	16.15 ms	695.6 µs	12.42 ms	~equal
Streaming Lines	zerodep	sh	11.59 ms	71.69 ms	86.3	13.9	11.38 ms	11.99 ms	136.9 µs	11.87 ms	71.09 ms	72.61 ms	435.6 µs	72.61 ms	6.2x faster
Streaming Lines	zerodep	subprocess	11.59 ms	11.55 ms	86.3	86.6	11.38 ms	11.99 ms	136.9 µs	11.87 ms	11.18 ms	13.02 ms	279.4 µs	11.90 ms	~equal

scheduler↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Batch Next Fire Time	zerodep	croniter	689.4 µs	4.47 ms	1.5K	223.8	674.3 µs	978.7 µs	14.2 µs	698.5 µs	4.34 ms	4.73 ms	57.2 µs	4.57 ms	6.5x faster
Batch Next Fire Time	zerodep	APScheduler	689.4 µs	1.01 ms	1.5K	993.8	674.3 µs	978.7 µs	14.2 µs	698.5 µs	983.4 µs	1.50 ms	21.2 µs	1.03 ms	1.5x faster
Cron Parsing	zerodep	croniter	45.6 µs	370.7 µs	21.9K	2.7K	43.8 µs	281.0 µs	5.8 µs	54.9 µs	351.6 µs	740.1 µs	29.7 µs	391.8 µs	8.1x faster
Cron Parsing	zerodep	APScheduler	45.6 µs	180.3 µs	21.9K	5.5K	43.8 µs	281.0 µs	5.8 µs	54.9 µs	172.4 µs	211.0 µs	7.7 µs	196.0 µs	3.9x faster
Job Add Overhead	zerodep	schedule	545.8 µs	560.5 µs	1.8K	1.8K	524.0 µs	887.4 µs	18.6 µs	563.3 µs	351.2 µs	106.97 ms	3.16 ms	1.35 ms	~equal
Next Fire Time	zerodep	croniter	54.0 µs	697.3 µs	18.5K	1.4K	52.1 µs	118.4 µs	3.3 µs	62.7 µs	661.8 µs	850.5 µs	22.3 µs	729.0 µs	12.9x faster
Next Fire Time	zerodep	APScheduler	54.0 µs	135.5 µs	18.5K	7.4K	52.1 µs	118.4 µs	3.3 µs	62.7 µs	128.5 µs	247.4 µs	8.5 µs	150.0 µs	2.5x faster

semver↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Compare	zerodep	packaging	3.3 µs	3.7 µs	300.8K	266.9K	3.2 µs	28.1 µs	554.1 ns	3.4 µs	3.6 µs	42.1 µs	658.0 ns	3.8 µs	1.1x faster
Parse Complex	zerodep	packaging	22.4 µs	22.5 µs	44.6K	44.4K	21.4 µs	91.9 µs	2.6 µs	23.6 µs	21.7 µs	91.6 µs	2.3 µs	23.0 µs	~equal
Parse Prerelease	zerodep	packaging	19.4 µs	21.1 µs	51.6K	47.3K	18.7 µs	61.9 µs	2.0 µs	19.5 µs	20.4 µs	78.7 µs	2.0 µs	21.1 µs	1.1x faster
Parse Simple	zerodep	packaging	13.7 µs	5.9 µs	72.9K	168.5K	13.1 µs	148.6 µs	1.7 µs	13.8 µs	5.6 µs	61.2 µs	918.7 ns	6.0 µs	2.3x slower
Property Access	zerodep	packaging	1.2 µs	9.4 µs	812.4K	106.6K	1.2 µs	18.6 µs	352.7 ns	1.3 µs	8.9 µs	61.9 µs	1.2 µs	9.4 µs	7.6x faster
Sort	zerodep	packaging	1.7 µs	1.9 µs	592.1K	528.3K	1.6 µs	51.1 µs	434.1 ns	1.7 µs	1.8 µs	45.2 µs	471.5 ns	1.9 µs	1.1x faster

soup↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Fixture Parse Blog Post	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	3.09 ms	9.85 ms	323.7	101.5	2.86 ms	4.45 ms	414.9 µs	4.33 ms	8.47 ms	110.48 ms	9.65 ms	10.15 ms	3.2x faster
Fixture Parse Docs Page	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	4.90 ms	14.19 ms	204.1	70.5	4.10 ms	101.93 ms	6.68 ms	5.50 ms	12.38 ms	104.63 ms	10.46 ms	14.00 ms	2.9x faster
Fixture Parse Ecommerce	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	6.88 ms	21.64 ms	145.3	46.2	5.86 ms	100.81 ms	7.64 ms	7.41 ms	17.20 ms	120.94 ms	19.04 ms	19.47 ms	3.1x faster
Fixture Select Docs Page	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	5.95 ms	23.34 ms	168.1	42.8	5.08 ms	99.91 ms	7.12 ms	6.49 ms	20.69 ms	113.93 ms	13.82 ms	22.33 ms	3.9x faster
Fixture Select Ecommerce	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	7.72 ms	31.83 ms	129.5	31.4	7.34 ms	9.33 ms	557.6 µs	8.98 ms	27.95 ms	130.71 ms	17.48 ms	29.78 ms	4.1x faster
Fixture Serialize Blog Post	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	3.58 ms	11.99 ms	278.9	83.4	2.95 ms	96.35 ms	5.45 ms	4.44 ms	11.53 ms	13.63 ms	591.4 µs	13.16 ms	3.3x faster
Fixture Serialize Ecommerce	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	7.44 ms	29.48 ms	134.4	33.9	6.22 ms	110.01 ms	8.63 ms	7.96 ms	24.06 ms	126.46 ms	20.90 ms	25.81 ms	4.0x faster
Large	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	26.65 ms	72.79 ms	37.5	13.7	20.34 ms	107.31 ms	21.41 ms	104.76 ms	55.95 ms	155.34 ms	36.09 ms	155.34 ms	2.7x faster
Medium	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	2.25 ms	6.56 ms	444.6	152.3	2.08 ms	3.41 ms	291.4 µs	3.22 ms	5.67 ms	91.41 ms	6.69 ms	7.24 ms	2.9x faster
Pseudo Select (Large)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	103.11 ms	119.42 ms	9.7	8.4	92.53 ms	187.87 ms	28.14 ms	187.87 ms	108.55 ms	211.16 ms	32.24 ms	211.16 ms	1.2x faster
Pseudo Select (Medium)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	4.08 ms	11.45 ms	245.2	87.3	3.52 ms	87.93 ms	5.30 ms	4.74 ms	11.06 ms	12.96 ms	558.0 µs	12.79 ms	2.8x faster
Pseudo Select (Small)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	435.8 µs	1.59 ms	2.3K	630.5	406.5 µs	1.06 ms	37.0 µs	519.6 µs	1.50 ms	2.02 ms	80.9 µs	1.71 ms	3.6x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[5nodes]	parse_find_bs4[5nodes]	271.2 µs	890.8 µs	3.7K	1.1K	247.7 µs	1.66 ms	41.7 µs	351.4 µs	670.7 µs	150.46 ms	4.69 ms	860.1 µs	3.3x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[5nodes]	serialize_bs4[5nodes]	271.2 µs	1.22 ms	3.7K	821.0	247.7 µs	1.66 ms	41.7 µs	351.4 µs	929.4 µs	164.96 ms	5.89 ms	1.12 ms	4.5x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[5nodes]	css_select_bs4[5nodes]	271.2 µs	1.23 ms	3.7K	810.9	247.7 µs	1.66 ms	41.7 µs	351.4 µs	1.16 ms	1.67 ms	75.6 µs	1.34 ms	4.5x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[25nodes]	parse_find_bs4[25nodes]	1.11 ms	3.13 ms	902.4	319.1	1.04 ms	1.70 ms	105.7 µs	1.17 ms	2.88 ms	6.42 ms	452.5 µs	4.44 ms	2.8x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[25nodes]	serialize_bs4[25nodes]	1.11 ms	4.11 ms	902.4	243.1	1.04 ms	1.70 ms	105.7 µs	1.17 ms	3.81 ms	6.56 ms	524.9 µs	5.70 ms	3.7x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[25nodes]	css_select_bs4[25nodes]	1.11 ms	4.89 ms	902.4	204.4	1.04 ms	1.70 ms	105.7 µs	1.17 ms	4.64 ms	6.67 ms	412.1 µs	6.19 ms	4.4x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[50nodes]	parse_find_bs4[50nodes]	2.21 ms	6.56 ms	452.2	152.5	2.03 ms	3.31 ms	304.6 µs	3.23 ms	5.64 ms	101.81 ms	7.41 ms	7.35 ms	3.0x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[50nodes]	serialize_bs4[50nodes]	2.21 ms	7.99 ms	452.2	125.1	2.03 ms	3.31 ms	304.6 µs	3.23 ms	7.55 ms	10.84 ms	678.1 µs	9.62 ms	3.6x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[50nodes]	css_select_bs4[50nodes]	2.21 ms	9.29 ms	452.2	107.6	2.03 ms	3.31 ms	304.6 µs	3.23 ms	8.89 ms	10.68 ms	516.2 µs	10.55 ms	4.2x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[250nodes]	parse_find_bs4[250nodes]	12.50 ms	34.16 ms	80.0	29.3	9.68 ms	109.99 ms	15.04 ms	10.86 ms	27.89 ms	130.67 ms	23.11 ms	125.50 ms	2.7x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[250nodes]	serialize_bs4[250nodes]	12.50 ms	45.61 ms	80.0	21.9	9.68 ms	109.99 ms	15.04 ms	10.86 ms	36.75 ms	141.87 ms	27.76 ms	137.88 ms	3.6x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[250nodes]	css_select_bs4[250nodes]	12.50 ms	55.64 ms	80.0	18.0	9.68 ms	109.99 ms	15.04 ms	10.86 ms	43.13 ms	213.13 ms	39.86 ms	141.27 ms	4.4x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[500nodes]	parse_find_bs4[500nodes]	26.60 ms	74.06 ms	37.6	13.5	19.33 ms	118.37 ms	24.16 ms	109.11 ms	56.01 ms	161.43 ms	38.98 ms	161.43 ms	2.8x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[500nodes]	serialize_bs4[500nodes]	26.60 ms	91.49 ms	37.6	10.9	19.33 ms	118.37 ms	24.16 ms	109.11 ms	72.56 ms	192.14 ms	43.55 ms	192.14 ms	3.4x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[500nodes]	css_select_bs4[500nodes]	26.60 ms	104.50 ms	37.6	9.6	19.33 ms	118.37 ms	24.16 ms	109.11 ms	86.04 ms	193.65 ms	40.51 ms	193.65 ms	3.9x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[2500nodes]	parse_find_bs4[2500nodes]	131.71 ms	369.57 ms	7.6	2.7	97.41 ms	199.20 ms	52.25 ms	199.20 ms	283.20 ms	399.86 ms	48.62 ms	399.86 ms	2.8x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[2500nodes]	serialize_bs4[2500nodes]	131.71 ms	445.65 ms	7.6	2.2	97.41 ms	199.20 ms	52.25 ms	199.20 ms	371.51 ms	506.78 ms	67.42 ms	506.78 ms	3.4x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[2500nodes]	css_select_bs4[2500nodes]	131.71 ms	525.91 ms	7.6	1.9	97.41 ms	199.20 ms	52.25 ms	199.20 ms	434.31 ms	552.92 ms	51.34 ms	552.92 ms	4.0x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[5000nodes]	parse_find_bs4[5000nodes]	257.14 ms	717.82 ms	3.9	1.4	196.52 ms	301.52 ms	49.33 ms	301.52 ms	678.85 ms	776.39 ms	48.30 ms	776.39 ms	2.8x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[5000nodes]	serialize_bs4[5000nodes]	257.14 ms	897.58 ms	3.9	1.1	196.52 ms	301.52 ms	49.33 ms	301.52 ms	857.33 ms	955.80 ms	53.02 ms	955.80 ms	3.5x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[5000nodes]	css_select_bs4[5000nodes]	257.14 ms	1.037 s	3.9	1.0	196.52 ms	301.52 ms	49.33 ms	301.52 ms	991.82 ms	1.096 s	51.13 ms	1.096 s	4.0x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[25000nodes]	parse_find_bs4[25000nodes]	1.347 s	3.614 s	0.7	0.3	1.251 s	1.443 s	69.53 ms	1.443 s	3.541 s	3.668 s	46.19 ms	3.668 s	2.7x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[25000nodes]	serialize_bs4[25000nodes]	1.347 s	4.410 s	0.7	0.2	1.251 s	1.443 s	69.53 ms	1.443 s	4.376 s	4.437 s	24.96 ms	4.437 s	3.3x faster
Scale Curve	parse_find_zerodep[25000nodes]	css_select_bs4[25000nodes]	1.347 s	5.188 s	0.7	0.2	1.251 s	1.443 s	69.53 ms	1.443 s	5.037 s	5.269 s	88.81 ms	5.269 s	3.9x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[5nodes]	parse_find_bs4[5nodes]	288.0 µs	890.8 µs	3.5K	1.1K	264.5 µs	650.3 µs	32.8 µs	362.9 µs	670.7 µs	150.46 ms	4.69 ms	860.1 µs	3.1x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[5nodes]	serialize_bs4[5nodes]	288.0 µs	1.22 ms	3.5K	821.0	264.5 µs	650.3 µs	32.8 µs	362.9 µs	929.4 µs	164.96 ms	5.89 ms	1.12 ms	4.2x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[5nodes]	css_select_bs4[5nodes]	288.0 µs	1.23 ms	3.5K	810.9	264.5 µs	650.3 µs	32.8 µs	362.9 µs	1.16 ms	1.67 ms	75.6 µs	1.34 ms	4.3x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[25nodes]	parse_find_bs4[25nodes]	1.19 ms	3.13 ms	838.8	319.1	1.10 ms	1.91 ms	109.6 µs	1.26 ms	2.88 ms	6.42 ms	452.5 µs	4.44 ms	2.6x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[25nodes]	serialize_bs4[25nodes]	1.19 ms	4.11 ms	838.8	243.1	1.10 ms	1.91 ms	109.6 µs	1.26 ms	3.81 ms	6.56 ms	524.9 µs	5.70 ms	3.5x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[25nodes]	css_select_bs4[25nodes]	1.19 ms	4.89 ms	838.8	204.4	1.10 ms	1.91 ms	109.6 µs	1.26 ms	4.64 ms	6.67 ms	412.1 µs	6.19 ms	4.1x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[50nodes]	parse_find_bs4[50nodes]	2.32 ms	6.56 ms	431.1	152.5	2.15 ms	3.55 ms	292.4 µs	3.30 ms	5.64 ms	101.81 ms	7.41 ms	7.35 ms	2.8x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[50nodes]	serialize_bs4[50nodes]	2.32 ms	7.99 ms	431.1	125.1	2.15 ms	3.55 ms	292.4 µs	3.30 ms	7.55 ms	10.84 ms	678.1 µs	9.62 ms	3.4x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[50nodes]	css_select_bs4[50nodes]	2.32 ms	9.29 ms	431.1	107.6	2.15 ms	3.55 ms	292.4 µs	3.30 ms	8.89 ms	10.68 ms	516.2 µs	10.55 ms	4.0x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[250nodes]	parse_find_bs4[250nodes]	14.97 ms	34.16 ms	66.8	29.3	10.36 ms	281.91 ms	30.13 ms	11.70 ms	27.89 ms	130.67 ms	23.11 ms	125.50 ms	2.3x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[250nodes]	serialize_bs4[250nodes]	14.97 ms	45.61 ms	66.8	21.9	10.36 ms	281.91 ms	30.13 ms	11.70 ms	36.75 ms	141.87 ms	27.76 ms	137.88 ms	3.0x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[250nodes]	css_select_bs4[250nodes]	14.97 ms	55.64 ms	66.8	18.0	10.36 ms	281.91 ms	30.13 ms	11.70 ms	43.13 ms	213.13 ms	39.86 ms	141.27 ms	3.7x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[500nodes]	parse_find_bs4[500nodes]	27.61 ms	74.06 ms	36.2	13.5	20.77 ms	121.07 ms	24.30 ms	115.27 ms	56.01 ms	161.43 ms	38.98 ms	161.43 ms	2.7x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[500nodes]	serialize_bs4[500nodes]	27.61 ms	91.49 ms	36.2	10.9	20.77 ms	121.07 ms	24.30 ms	115.27 ms	72.56 ms	192.14 ms	43.55 ms	192.14 ms	3.3x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[500nodes]	css_select_bs4[500nodes]	27.61 ms	104.50 ms	36.2	9.6	20.77 ms	121.07 ms	24.30 ms	115.27 ms	86.04 ms	193.65 ms	40.51 ms	193.65 ms	3.8x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[2500nodes]	parse_find_bs4[2500nodes]	140.00 ms	369.57 ms	7.1	2.7	106.28 ms	216.51 ms	50.22 ms	216.51 ms	283.20 ms	399.86 ms	48.62 ms	399.86 ms	2.6x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[2500nodes]	serialize_bs4[2500nodes]	140.00 ms	445.65 ms	7.1	2.2	106.28 ms	216.51 ms	50.22 ms	216.51 ms	371.51 ms	506.78 ms	67.42 ms	506.78 ms	3.2x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[2500nodes]	css_select_bs4[2500nodes]	140.00 ms	525.91 ms	7.1	1.9	106.28 ms	216.51 ms	50.22 ms	216.51 ms	434.31 ms	552.92 ms	51.34 ms	552.92 ms	3.8x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[5000nodes]	parse_find_bs4[5000nodes]	301.90 ms	717.82 ms	3.3	1.4	212.15 ms	332.79 ms	50.41 ms	332.79 ms	678.85 ms	776.39 ms	48.30 ms	776.39 ms	2.4x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[5000nodes]	serialize_bs4[5000nodes]	301.90 ms	897.58 ms	3.3	1.1	212.15 ms	332.79 ms	50.41 ms	332.79 ms	857.33 ms	955.80 ms	53.02 ms	955.80 ms	3.0x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[5000nodes]	css_select_bs4[5000nodes]	301.90 ms	1.037 s	3.3	1.0	212.15 ms	332.79 ms	50.41 ms	332.79 ms	991.82 ms	1.096 s	51.13 ms	1.096 s	3.4x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[25000nodes]	parse_find_bs4[25000nodes]	1.450 s	3.614 s	0.7	0.3	1.345 s	1.579 s	93.35 ms	1.579 s	3.541 s	3.668 s	46.19 ms	3.668 s	2.5x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[25000nodes]	serialize_bs4[25000nodes]	1.450 s	4.410 s	0.7	0.2	1.345 s	1.579 s	93.35 ms	1.579 s	4.376 s	4.437 s	24.96 ms	4.437 s	3.0x faster
Scale Curve	serialize_zerodep[25000nodes]	css_select_bs4[25000nodes]	1.450 s	5.188 s	0.7	0.2	1.345 s	1.579 s	93.35 ms	1.579 s	5.037 s	5.269 s	88.81 ms	5.269 s	3.6x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[5nodes]	parse_find_bs4[5nodes]	361.2 µs	890.8 µs	2.8K	1.1K	335.3 µs	675.1 µs	33.6 µs	439.3 µs	670.7 µs	150.46 ms	4.69 ms	860.1 µs	2.5x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[5nodes]	serialize_bs4[5nodes]	361.2 µs	1.22 ms	2.8K	821.0	335.3 µs	675.1 µs	33.6 µs	439.3 µs	929.4 µs	164.96 ms	5.89 ms	1.12 ms	3.4x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[5nodes]	css_select_bs4[5nodes]	361.2 µs	1.23 ms	2.8K	810.9	335.3 µs	675.1 µs	33.6 µs	439.3 µs	1.16 ms	1.67 ms	75.6 µs	1.34 ms	3.4x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[25nodes]	parse_find_bs4[25nodes]	1.40 ms	3.13 ms	713.0	319.1	1.31 ms	2.32 ms	112.9 µs	1.50 ms	2.88 ms	6.42 ms	452.5 µs	4.44 ms	2.2x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[25nodes]	serialize_bs4[25nodes]	1.40 ms	4.11 ms	713.0	243.1	1.31 ms	2.32 ms	112.9 µs	1.50 ms	3.81 ms	6.56 ms	524.9 µs	5.70 ms	2.9x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[25nodes]	css_select_bs4[25nodes]	1.40 ms	4.89 ms	713.0	204.4	1.31 ms	2.32 ms	112.9 µs	1.50 ms	4.64 ms	6.67 ms	412.1 µs	6.19 ms	3.5x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[50nodes]	parse_find_bs4[50nodes]	2.67 ms	6.56 ms	374.3	152.5	2.48 ms	3.92 ms	290.7 µs	3.63 ms	5.64 ms	101.81 ms	7.41 ms	7.35 ms	2.5x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[50nodes]	serialize_bs4[50nodes]	2.67 ms	7.99 ms	374.3	125.1	2.48 ms	3.92 ms	290.7 µs	3.63 ms	7.55 ms	10.84 ms	678.1 µs	9.62 ms	3.0x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[50nodes]	css_select_bs4[50nodes]	2.67 ms	9.29 ms	374.3	107.6	2.48 ms	3.92 ms	290.7 µs	3.63 ms	8.89 ms	10.68 ms	516.2 µs	10.55 ms	3.5x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[250nodes]	parse_find_bs4[250nodes]	12.50 ms	34.16 ms	80.0	29.3	12.00 ms	13.54 ms	375.3 µs	13.06 ms	27.89 ms	130.67 ms	23.11 ms	125.50 ms	2.7x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[250nodes]	serialize_bs4[250nodes]	12.50 ms	45.61 ms	80.0	21.9	12.00 ms	13.54 ms	375.3 µs	13.06 ms	36.75 ms	141.87 ms	27.76 ms	137.88 ms	3.7x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[250nodes]	css_select_bs4[250nodes]	12.50 ms	55.64 ms	80.0	18.0	12.00 ms	13.54 ms	375.3 µs	13.06 ms	43.13 ms	213.13 ms	39.86 ms	141.27 ms	4.5x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[500nodes]	parse_find_bs4[500nodes]	36.80 ms	74.06 ms	27.2	13.5	24.01 ms	331.06 ms	51.73 ms	115.15 ms	56.01 ms	161.43 ms	38.98 ms	161.43 ms	2.0x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[500nodes]	serialize_bs4[500nodes]	36.80 ms	91.49 ms	27.2	10.9	24.01 ms	331.06 ms	51.73 ms	115.15 ms	72.56 ms	192.14 ms	43.55 ms	192.14 ms	2.5x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[500nodes]	css_select_bs4[500nodes]	36.80 ms	104.50 ms	27.2	9.6	24.01 ms	331.06 ms	51.73 ms	115.15 ms	86.04 ms	193.65 ms	40.51 ms	193.65 ms	2.8x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[2500nodes]	parse_find_bs4[2500nodes]	163.65 ms	369.57 ms	6.1	2.7	120.56 ms	218.87 ms	49.87 ms	218.87 ms	283.20 ms	399.86 ms	48.62 ms	399.86 ms	2.3x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[2500nodes]	serialize_bs4[2500nodes]	163.65 ms	445.65 ms	6.1	2.2	120.56 ms	218.87 ms	49.87 ms	218.87 ms	371.51 ms	506.78 ms	67.42 ms	506.78 ms	2.7x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[2500nodes]	css_select_bs4[2500nodes]	163.65 ms	525.91 ms	6.1	1.9	120.56 ms	218.87 ms	49.87 ms	218.87 ms	434.31 ms	552.92 ms	51.34 ms	552.92 ms	3.2x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[5000nodes]	parse_find_bs4[5000nodes]	300.38 ms	717.82 ms	3.3	1.4	241.85 ms	342.32 ms	52.17 ms	342.32 ms	678.85 ms	776.39 ms	48.30 ms	776.39 ms	2.4x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[5000nodes]	serialize_bs4[5000nodes]	300.38 ms	897.58 ms	3.3	1.1	241.85 ms	342.32 ms	52.17 ms	342.32 ms	857.33 ms	955.80 ms	53.02 ms	955.80 ms	3.0x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[5000nodes]	css_select_bs4[5000nodes]	300.38 ms	1.037 s	3.3	1.0	241.85 ms	342.32 ms	52.17 ms	342.32 ms	991.82 ms	1.096 s	51.13 ms	1.096 s	3.5x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[25000nodes]	parse_find_bs4[25000nodes]	1.638 s	3.614 s	0.6	0.3	1.617 s	1.664 s	23.66 ms	1.664 s	3.541 s	3.668 s	46.19 ms	3.668 s	2.2x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[25000nodes]	serialize_bs4[25000nodes]	1.638 s	4.410 s	0.6	0.2	1.617 s	1.664 s	23.66 ms	1.664 s	4.376 s	4.437 s	24.96 ms	4.437 s	2.7x faster
Scale Curve	css_select_zerodep[25000nodes]	css_select_bs4[25000nodes]	1.638 s	5.188 s	0.6	0.2	1.617 s	1.664 s	23.66 ms	1.664 s	5.037 s	5.269 s	88.81 ms	5.269 s	3.2x faster
Select (Large)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	31.17 ms	104.26 ms	32.1	9.6	23.61 ms	118.10 ms	24.84 ms	116.89 ms	85.25 ms	192.21 ms	40.45 ms	192.21 ms	3.3x faster
Select (Medium)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	2.70 ms	9.24 ms	370.2	108.3	2.50 ms	3.82 ms	303.5 µs	3.73 ms	8.85 ms	10.50 ms	486.1 µs	10.39 ms	3.4x faster
Select (Small)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	412.9 µs	1.25 ms	2.4K	801.1	333.1 µs	97.17 ms	2.21 ms	444.7 µs	1.17 ms	2.84 ms	109.7 µs	1.36 ms	3.0x faster
Serialize (Large)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	26.93 ms	88.66 ms	37.1	11.3	20.67 ms	108.46 ms	21.92 ms	107.77 ms	74.10 ms	171.26 ms	34.43 ms	171.26 ms	3.3x faster
Serialize (Medium)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	2.55 ms	7.93 ms	391.9	126.0	2.12 ms	95.21 ms	4.73 ms	3.23 ms	7.61 ms	9.38 ms	499.6 µs	9.09 ms	3.1x faster
Serialize (Small)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	287.6 µs	998.8 µs	3.5K	1.0K	263.6 µs	789.9 µs	32.9 µs	363.6 µs	925.3 µs	1.49 ms	76.7 µs	1.11 ms	3.5x faster
Small	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	286.8 µs	768.3 µs	3.5K	1.3K	261.2 µs	547.6 µs	35.0 µs	367.7 µs	696.9 µs	1.27 ms	77.7 µs	883.3 µs	2.7x faster
Tree Ops (Large)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	28.12 ms	73.82 ms	35.6	13.5	20.56 ms	123.17 ms	24.77 ms	109.30 ms	60.45 ms	162.58 ms	33.66 ms	162.58 ms	2.6x faster
Tree Ops (Medium)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	2.40 ms	6.60 ms	416.0	151.6	2.26 ms	3.40 ms	222.3 µs	3.23 ms	6.19 ms	8.30 ms	561.1 µs	8.02 ms	2.7x faster
Tree Ops (Small)	zerodep	beautifulsoup4	348.5 µs	923.0 µs	2.9K	1.1K	283.5 µs	92.55 ms	1.93 ms	386.1 µs	842.4 µs	1.47 ms	83.0 µs	1.04 ms	2.6x faster

sparse_search↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Indexing Performance	index_1k_ours	rank-bm25	140.85 ms	12.57 ms	7.1	79.6	76.53 ms	187.87 ms	48.62 ms	187.87 ms	12.39 ms	13.13 ms	145.0 µs	12.90 ms	11.2x slower
Large Search Performance	search_1k_ours	rank-bm25	3.1 µs	401.2 µs	327.7K	2.5K	2.9 µs	110.7 µs	760.6 ns	3.1 µs	387.9 µs	553.9 µs	11.5 µs	417.2 µs	131.5x faster
Scale Search10K	broad_query_ours	rank-bm25	64.42 ms	3.39 ms	15.5	294.9	62.29 ms	66.03 ms	1.15 ms	66.03 ms	3.32 ms	3.99 ms	72.8 µs	3.46 ms	19.0x slower
Scale Search10K	selective_query_ours	rank-bm25	171.2 µs	3.38 ms	5.8K	296.2	164.6 µs	327.8 µs	9.6 µs	185.6 µs	3.06 ms	4.26 ms	179.5 µs	3.74 ms	19.7x faster
Scale Search1K	broad_query_ours	rank-bm25	4.85 ms	368.1 µs	206.2	2.7K	4.78 ms	5.05 ms	44.1 µs	4.94 ms	355.3 µs	454.7 µs	12.3 µs	389.0 µs	13.2x slower
Scale Search1K	selective_query_ours	rank-bm25	18.8 µs	346.7 µs	53.3K	2.9K	17.9 µs	78.1 µs	2.3 µs	19.3 µs	335.5 µs	442.6 µs	10.7 µs	361.6 µs	18.5x faster
Search Performance	search_ours	rank-bm25	3.1 µs	117.0 µs	318.2K	8.5K	3.0 µs	78.1 µs	713.8 ns	3.2 µs	107.2 µs	275.7 µs	12.9 µs	133.4 µs	37.2x faster

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Calibration Performance	calibrate_corpus	1.24 ms	805.3	1.17 ms	2.17 ms	48.0 µs	1.28 ms
Calibration Performance	search_raw	42.4 µs	23.6K	40.7 µs	111.7 µs	3.6 µs	44.7 µs
Calibration Performance	search_calibrated	80.0 µs	12.5K	76.4 µs	175.9 µs	6.5 µs	92.2 µs
Indexing Performance	index_1k_bm25s	49.58 ms	20.2	48.86 ms	50.46 ms	381.1 µs	50.46 ms
Large Search Performance	search_1k_bm25s	37.4 µs	26.8K	34.1 µs	137.7 µs	5.9 µs	45.5 µs
MMRPerformance	mmr_100_candidates	4.15 ms	240.9	4.10 ms	4.42 ms	34.4 µs	4.21 ms
MMRPerformance	mmr_500_candidates	25.34 ms	39.5	25.18 ms	25.54 ms	86.0 µs	25.46 ms
RRFPerformance	rrf_2_lists_1000_results	893.8 µs	1.1K	871.2 µs	1.00 ms	12.7 µs	909.9 µs
RRFPerformance	rrf_10_lists_100_results	428.6 µs	2.3K	414.5 µs	575.8 µs	11.3 µs	442.5 µs
RRFPerformance	rrf_overlapping_docs	837.4 µs	1.2K	814.5 µs	959.6 µs	14.2 µs	858.8 µs
Scale Search10K	broad_query_bm25s	115.2 µs	8.7K	108.2 µs	263.5 µs	10.2 µs	135.9 µs
Scale Search10K	selective_query_bm25s	333.0 µs	3.0K	318.7 µs	446.5 µs	11.6 µs	350.1 µs
Scale Search1K	broad_query_bm25s	60.3 µs	16.6K	55.6 µs	182.9 µs	7.0 µs	80.1 µs
Scale Search1K	selective_query_bm25s	69.8 µs	14.3K	64.2 µs	200.0 µs	8.3 µs	91.0 µs
Search Performance	search_bm25s	40.7 µs	24.6K	37.3 µs	124.4 µs	5.7 µs	49.8 µs

sse↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Large Stream	zerodep	httpx	3.02 ms	2.27 ms	331.4	440.4	2.95 ms	5.71 ms	230.7 µs	3.08 ms	2.22 ms	2.52 ms	26.3 µs	2.32 ms	1.3x slower
Medium Stream	zerodep	httpx	400.7 µs	323.5 µs	2.5K	3.1K	388.4 µs	521.0 µs	10.0 µs	411.9 µs	315.1 µs	494.2 µs	8.6 µs	333.6 µs	1.2x slower
Small Stream	zerodep	httpx	31.1 µs	23.1 µs	32.2K	43.3K	29.4 µs	131.2 µs	2.6 µs	31.5 µs	22.2 µs	85.1 µs	1.9 µs	23.1 µs	1.3x slower

structlog↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Bind And Log	zerodep	structlog	11.8 µs	23.6 µs	84.6K	42.4K	11.1 µs	101.7 µs	2.3 µs	11.9 µs	20.9 µs	861.4 µs	11.9 µs	27.3 µs	2.0x faster
Bound Log	zerodep	structlog	12.1 µs	24.4 µs	82.6K	41.0K	11.4 µs	53.1 µs	2.1 µs	12.4 µs	19.3 µs	126.1 µs	9.8 µs	49.4 µs	2.0x faster
JSONRendering	zerodep	structlog	9.6 µs	13.0 µs	104.3K	76.6K	9.1 µs	42.3 µs	1.6 µs	9.6 µs	11.0 µs	89.9 µs	5.3 µs	25.1 µs	1.4x faster
Simple Log	zerodep	structlog	10.5 µs	14.1 µs	95.3K	70.9K	9.8 µs	47.4 µs	1.9 µs	10.7 µs	12.8 µs	109.9 µs	3.6 µs	15.1 µs	1.3x faster

tabulate↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Large Table	zerodep	reference	6.75 ms	27.92 ms	148.1	35.8	6.11 ms	77.06 ms	6.10 ms	6.32 ms	27.81 ms	28.15 ms	79.1 µs	28.08 ms	4.1x faster
Medium Table	zerodep	reference	403.9 µs	1.84 ms	2.5K	542.8	391.1 µs	519.5 µs	9.6 µs	416.9 µs	1.81 ms	2.31 ms	39.2 µs	1.89 ms	4.6x faster
Small Table	zerodep	reference	53.5 µs	172.6 µs	18.7K	5.8K	51.0 µs	107.3 µs	3.8 µs	64.6 µs	165.0 µs	247.2 µs	9.9 µs	192.0 µs	3.2x faster

toon↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Decode Benchmark	decode_large_ours	decode_large_ref	2.24 ms	2.35 ms	446.9	424.8	2.19 ms	2.40 ms	25.0 µs	2.28 ms	2.31 ms	2.54 ms	28.3 µs	2.41 ms	~equal
Decode Benchmark	decode_medium_ours	decode_medium_ref	333.0 µs	351.7 µs	3.0K	2.8K	322.2 µs	425.9 µs	9.4 µs	345.1 µs	340.0 µs	542.3 µs	11.3 µs	365.9 µs	1.1x faster
Decode Benchmark	decode_small_ours	decode_small_ref	20.2 µs	23.1 µs	49.4K	43.2K	19.5 µs	63.9 µs	2.0 µs	20.6 µs	21.9 µs	65.2 µs	2.3 µs	24.2 µs	1.1x faster
Encode Benchmark	encode_large_ours	encode_large_ref	1.30 ms	1.70 ms	767.8	587.2	1.28 ms	1.44 ms	20.8 µs	1.34 ms	1.67 ms	1.82 ms	19.9 µs	1.74 ms	1.3x faster
Encode Benchmark	encode_medium_ours	encode_medium_ref	205.9 µs	269.7 µs	4.9K	3.7K	198.7 µs	316.5 µs	9.5 µs	219.7 µs	259.8 µs	426.4 µs	11.1 µs	284.7 µs	1.3x faster
Encode Benchmark	encode_small_ours	encode_small_ref	9.2 µs	12.7 µs	108.9K	78.7K	8.7 µs	89.4 µs	1.7 µs	9.3 µs	11.8 µs	42.2 µs	2.0 µs	13.4 µs	1.4x faster

useragent↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Generate Chrome Desktop	zerodep	ua_generator	5.2 µs	12.4 µs	190.7K	80.5K	4.1 µs	223.4 µs	6.1 µs	5.5 µs	10.6 µs	85.2 µs	1.8 µs	13.4 µs	2.4x faster
Generate Default	zerodep	ua_generator	5.8 µs	13.7 µs	173.6K	73.2K	4.5 µs	1.03 ms	9.1 µs	5.9 µs	8.9 µs	62.0 µs	3.0 µs	17.9 µs	2.4x faster
Generate Edge Mobile	zerodep	ua_generator	5.5 µs	15.4 µs	182.7K	64.8K	4.7 µs	263.0 µs	6.1 µs	5.3 µs	12.1 µs	51.6 µs	3.0 µs	18.1 µs	2.8x faster
Headers Get	zerodep	ua_generator	8.2 µs	17.0 µs	121.8K	58.9K	6.9 µs	263.6 µs	7.3 µs	8.4 µs	14.6 µs	53.3 µs	2.3 µs	18.4 µs	2.1x faster

validate↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Benchmark Constrained	ours	pydantic	10.0 µs	1.6 µs	100.1K	630.4K	9.6 µs	48.4 µs	1.3 µs	10.0 µs	1.5 µs	24.5 µs	419.5 ns	1.6 µs	6.3x slower
Benchmark Json Schema	ours	pydantic	11.5 µs	196.2 µs	86.6K	5.1K	9.4 µs	242.4 µs	9.1 µs	14.9 µs	172.5 µs	2.16 ms	72.9 µs	264.4 µs	17.0x faster
Benchmark List Of Dicts	ours	pydantic	232.4 µs	32.8 µs	4.3K	30.5K	224.4 µs	370.7 µs	8.4 µs	242.7 µs	31.7 µs	138.3 µs	3.2 µs	33.0 µs	7.1x slower
Benchmark Nested	ours	pydantic	10.3 µs	2.2 µs	97.0K	459.6K	9.9 µs	45.6 µs	1.3 µs	10.3 µs	2.0 µs	48.3 µs	581.2 ns	2.2 µs	4.7x slower
Benchmark Simple	ours	pydantic	5.7 µs	1.5 µs	174.9K	668.8K	5.5 µs	27.9 µs	824.7 ns	5.7 µs	1.4 µs	28.2 µs	415.4 ns	1.5 µs	3.8x slower

websocket↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Burst Messages	zerodep	websockets	6.05 ms	10.44 ms	165.3	95.8	4.11 ms	8.89 ms	1.91 ms	8.46 ms	7.82 ms	13.52 ms	1.85 ms	13.17 ms	1.7x faster
Concurrent Messages	zerodep	websockets	17.26 ms	21.16 ms	57.9	47.3	16.13 ms	18.56 ms	437.8 µs	17.92 ms	20.03 ms	22.55 ms	490.4 µs	22.00 ms	1.2x faster
Connection Setup	zerodep	websockets	469.5 µs	1.24 ms	2.1K	803.2	403.5 µs	773.3 µs	50.4 µs	587.4 µs	1.11 ms	2.14 ms	100.0 µs	1.45 ms	2.7x faster
Json Rpc Roundtrip	zerodep	websockets	121.1 µs	155.8 µs	8.3K	6.4K	87.4 µs	275.2 µs	16.8 µs	139.7 µs	140.5 µs	258.5 µs	6.8 µs	166.3 µs	1.3x faster
Large Payload	zerodep	websockets	6.18 ms	3.17 ms	161.7	315.1	5.82 ms	8.43 ms	278.5 µs	6.50 ms	3.07 ms	4.02 ms	88.8 µs	3.28 ms	1.9x slower

xml↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Parse (Large)	zerodep	xmltodict	5.50 ms	6.03 ms	181.7	165.9	5.39 ms	5.78 ms	66.2 µs	5.63 ms	5.82 ms	9.39 ms	439.3 µs	6.31 ms	1.1x faster
Parse (Medium)	zerodep	xmltodict	403.4 µs	453.5 µs	2.5K	2.2K	387.8 µs	571.6 µs	12.8 µs	420.1 µs	436.9 µs	847.6 µs	16.3 µs	468.5 µs	1.1x faster
Parse (Small)	zerodep	xmltodict	16.0 µs	18.0 µs	62.5K	55.5K	15.1 µs	157.0 µs	3.0 µs	17.2 µs	17.2 µs	68.6 µs	2.3 µs	19.0 µs	1.1x faster
Unparse (Large)	zerodep	xmltodict	4.14 ms	6.58 ms	241.7	151.9	4.08 ms	4.54 ms	46.4 µs	4.21 ms	6.50 ms	6.94 ms	55.0 µs	6.67 ms	1.6x faster
Unparse (Medium)	zerodep	xmltodict	283.4 µs	463.4 µs	3.5K	2.2K	273.9 µs	474.2 µs	9.7 µs	294.8 µs	449.7 µs	775.0 µs	14.4 µs	478.5 µs	1.6x faster
Unparse (Small)	zerodep	xmltodict	15.2 µs	23.1 µs	66.0K	43.2K	14.4 µs	52.4 µs	2.1 µs	15.9 µs	19.2 µs	89.0 µs	8.5 µs	44.0 µs	1.5x faster

Standalone benchmarks

Operation	Variant	Mean	ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95
Extract Tags	extract_all	762.2 µs	1.3K	737.1 µs	902.3 µs	15.4 µs	786.7 µs
Extract Tags	extract_filtered	448.1 µs	2.2K	430.2 µs	940.4 µs	17.5 µs	467.2 µs
Extract Tags	extract_first_only	9.7 µs	102.6K	9.4 µs	59.1 µs	1.5 µs	9.8 µs

yaml↗

Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	zerodep tail latency				Ref tail latency				Ratio
Operation	zerodep	Reference	zd mean	Ref mean	zd ops/s	Ref ops/s	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Min	Max	StdDev	P95	Ratio
Dump (Large)	zerodep	PyYAML	2.60 ms	21.97 ms	385.0	45.5	2.55 ms	3.70 ms	82.2 µs	2.66 ms	20.24 ms	84.20 ms	9.28 ms	20.95 ms	8.5x faster
Dump (Medium)	zerodep	PyYAML	122.1 µs	995.3 µs	8.2K	1.0K	118.3 µs	190.1 µs	5.5 µs	132.5 µs	961.5 µs	1.21 ms	19.9 µs	1.02 ms	8.2x faster
Dump (Small)	zerodep	PyYAML	19.3 µs	176.8 µs	51.8K	5.7K	18.6 µs	59.4 µs	2.4 µs	19.7 µs	166.3 µs	331.6 µs	10.9 µs	193.5 µs	9.2x faster
Fixture Dump Docker Compose	zerodep	PyYAML	10.9 µs	97.0 µs	91.7K	10.3K	10.5 µs	51.4 µs	1.3 µs	11.0 µs	92.1 µs	188.1 µs	6.4 µs	111.3 µs	8.9x faster
Fixture Dump Github Actions	zerodep	PyYAML	530.7 µs	3.45 ms	1.9K	289.5	504.0 µs	1.25 ms	66.5 µs	559.0 µs	3.37 ms	3.74 ms	46.3 µs	3.55 ms	6.5x faster
Fixture Dump K8s Deployment	zerodep	PyYAML	245.8 µs	1.94 ms	4.1K	515.7	238.0 µs	753.9 µs	15.4 µs	255.9 µs	1.89 ms	2.16 ms	31.6 µs	2.00 ms	7.9x faster
Fixture Load Docker Compose	zerodep	PyYAML	1.22 ms	7.53 ms	819.2	132.8	1.20 ms	1.62 ms	23.9 µs	1.25 ms	7.42 ms	7.82 ms	63.1 µs	7.66 ms	6.2x faster
Fixture Load Github Actions	zerodep	PyYAML	962.9 µs	6.65 ms	1.0K	150.4	900.7 µs	1.30 ms	51.9 µs	1.03 ms	6.55 ms	6.96 ms	56.5 µs	6.76 ms	6.9x faster
Fixture Load K8s Deployment	zerodep	PyYAML	2.26 ms	16.49 ms	442.1	60.6	2.22 ms	3.31 ms	71.3 µs	2.30 ms	16.29 ms	17.17 ms	136.4 µs	16.76 ms	7.3x faster
Load (Large)	zerodep	PyYAML	6.28 ms	43.97 ms	159.2	22.7	6.21 ms	6.53 ms	48.8 µs	6.36 ms	40.80 ms	107.37 ms	13.51 ms	42.20 ms	7.0x faster
Load (Medium)	zerodep	PyYAML	288.9 µs	1.90 ms	3.5K	525.9	278.4 µs	632.7 µs	18.3 µs	303.7 µs	1.86 ms	2.32 ms	31.9 µs	1.95 ms	6.6x faster
Load (Small)	zerodep	PyYAML	44.1 µs	295.3 µs	22.7K	3.4K	42.7 µs	102.7 µs	3.3 µs	47.0 µs	281.2 µs	407.7 µs	12.6 µs	312.8 µs	6.7x faster
Scale Curve	dump_zerodep[100B]	PyYAML	20.0 µs	155.6 µs	49.9K	6.4K	19.3 µs	59.7 µs	1.8 µs	20.2 µs	146.1 µs	657.0 µs	11.1 µs	169.8 µs	7.8x faster
Scale Curve	dump_zerodep[100KB]	PyYAML	22.97 ms	132.55 ms	43.5	7.5	22.53 ms	25.06 ms	612.1 µs	24.34 ms	116.21 ms	187.47 ms	30.32 ms	187.47 ms	5.8x faster
Scale Curve	dump_zerodep[10KB]	PyYAML	2.06 ms	11.67 ms	485.0	85.7	1.79 ms	3.46 ms	221.4 µs	2.27 ms	11.25 ms	13.47 ms	286.5 µs	12.08 ms	5.7x faster
Scale Curve	dump_zerodep[1KB]	PyYAML	182.7 µs	1.17 ms	5.5K	851.3	177.3 µs	444.8 µs	9.9 µs	191.1 µs	1.13 ms	2.45 ms	60.5 µs	1.22 ms	6.4x faster
Scale Curve	dump_zerodep[500B]	PyYAML	92.6 µs	613.1 µs	10.8K	1.6K	89.7 µs	181.9 µs	5.4 µs	101.8 µs	582.2 µs	991.1 µs	19.0 µs	636.4 µs	6.6x faster
Scale Curve	dump_zerodep[500KB]	PyYAML	114.40 ms	654.57 ms	8.7	1.5	113.47 ms	115.03 ms	482.4 µs	115.03 ms	597.42 ms	674.75 ms	32.41 ms	674.75 ms	5.7x faster
Scale Curve	dump_zerodep[50KB]	PyYAML	9.08 ms	59.11 ms	110.1	16.9	9.01 ms	9.32 ms	53.1 µs	9.18 ms	58.10 ms	62.48 ms	1.08 ms	62.48 ms	6.5x faster
Scale Curve	dump_zerodep[5KB]	PyYAML	919.9 µs	5.78 ms	1.1K	173.1	884.7 µs	2.00 ms	103.7 µs	927.3 µs	5.62 ms	6.74 ms	117.2 µs	5.99 ms	6.3x faster
Scale Curve	load_zerodep[100B]	PyYAML	41.9 µs	245.5 µs	23.9K	4.1K	40.3 µs	116.7 µs	3.9 µs	44.2 µs	234.4 µs	350.2 µs	10.0 µs	259.8 µs	5.9x faster
Scale Curve	load_zerodep[100KB]	PyYAML	39.69 ms	232.37 ms	25.2	4.3	36.43 ms	100.48 ms	12.16 ms	39.44 ms	216.07 ms	285.54 ms	29.78 ms	285.54 ms	5.9x faster
Scale Curve	load_zerodep[10KB]	PyYAML	3.67 ms	23.20 ms	272.1	43.1	3.59 ms	4.19 ms	53.7 µs	3.76 ms	21.23 ms	89.44 ms	10.11 ms	22.86 ms	6.3x faster
Scale Curve	load_zerodep[1KB]	PyYAML	397.2 µs	2.12 ms	2.5K	471.3	385.2 µs	583.8 µs	10.1 µs	407.7 µs	2.08 ms	2.49 ms	27.3 µs	2.16 ms	5.3x faster
Scale Curve	load_zerodep[500B]	PyYAML	201.3 µs	1.07 ms	5.0K	930.3	193.2 µs	306.4 µs	6.5 µs	210.1 µs	1.05 ms	1.20 ms	17.5 µs	1.10 ms	5.3x faster
Scale Curve	load_zerodep[500KB]	PyYAML	213.00 ms	1.202 s	4.7	0.8	189.91 ms	256.18 ms	32.88 ms	256.18 ms	1.170 s	1.240 s	35.33 ms	1.240 s	5.6x faster
Scale Curve	load_zerodep[50KB]	PyYAML	18.66 ms	118.68 ms	53.6	8.4	18.40 ms	19.39 ms	203.6 µs	19.10 ms	106.72 ms	181.92 ms	24.42 ms	181.92 ms	6.4x faster
Scale Curve	load_zerodep[5KB]	PyYAML	1.87 ms	10.74 ms	534.0	93.1	1.75 ms	3.16 ms	144.3 µs	2.04 ms	10.53 ms	13.85 ms	354.3 µs	11.03 ms	5.7x faster

zerodep Benchmark Report

a2a↗

acp↗

aes↗

cache↗

cdp↗

Standalone benchmarks

config↗

Standalone benchmarks

diff↗

Standalone benchmarks

dotenv↗

frontmatter↗

httpclient↗

Standalone benchmarks

httpserver↗

Standalone benchmarks

jsonrpc↗

Standalone benchmarks

jsonschema↗

jsonx↗

llmstxt↗

Standalone benchmarks

markdown↗

multipart↗

Standalone benchmarks

persistdict↗

png↗

protobuf↗

Standalone benchmarks

qr↗

readability↗

Standalone benchmarks

retry↗

runner↗

scheduler↗

semver↗

soup↗

sparse_search↗

Standalone benchmarks

sse↗

structlog↗

tabulate↗

toon↗

useragent↗

validate↗

websocket↗

xml↗

Standalone benchmarks

yaml↗